{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4308749764","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-022-00599-z","title":"Explainable product backorder prediction exploiting CNN: Introducing explainable models in businesses","display_name":"Explainable product backorder prediction exploiting CNN: Introducing explainable models in businesses","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4308749764","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-022-00599-z"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12525-022-00599-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-022-00599-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12525-022-00599-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137519996","display_name":"Electronic Markets","issn_l":"1019-6781","issn":["1019-6781","1422-8890"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Markets","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12525-022-00599-z.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049561647","display_name":"Md Shajalal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9011-708X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206895457","display_name":"University of Siegen","ror":"https://ror.org/02azyry73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206895457"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110507","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01ak24c12","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110507","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Md Shajalal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Information Technology FIT, Schloss Birlinghoven, 53757, Sankt Augustin, Germany","University of Siegen, Siegen, 57072, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9011-708X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Information Technology FIT, Schloss Birlinghoven, 53757, Sankt Augustin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110507"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Siegen, Siegen, 57072, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206895457"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035360214","display_name":"Alexander Boden","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6470-1151"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155417937","display_name":"Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg","ror":"https://ror.org/04m2anh63","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155417937"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110507","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01ak24c12","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110507","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Boden","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Science, 53757, Bonn, Germany","Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Information Technology FIT, Schloss Birlinghoven, 53757, Sankt Augustin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6470-1151","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Science, 53757, Bonn, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155417937"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Information Technology FIT, Schloss Birlinghoven, 53757, Sankt Augustin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110507"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001665434","display_name":"Gunnar Stevens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7785-5061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155417937","display_name":"Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg","ror":"https://ror.org/04m2anh63","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155417937"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206895457","display_name":"University of Siegen","ror":"https://ror.org/02azyry73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206895457"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gunnar Stevens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Science, 53757, Bonn, Germany","University of Siegen, Siegen, 57072, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Science, 53757, Bonn, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155417937"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Siegen, Siegen, 57072, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206895457"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035360214","https://openalex.org/A5049561647"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155417937","https://openalex.org/I206895457","https://openalex.org/I4210110507"],"apc_list":{"value":2590,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":{"value":2590,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3190},"fwci":2.3198,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89764549,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"4","first_page":"2107","last_page":"2122"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11918","display_name":"Forecasting Techniques and Applications","score":0.9799000024795532,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11326","display_name":"Stock Market Forecasting Methods","score":0.972100019454956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6576000452041626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debugging","display_name":"Debugging","score":0.5430315732955933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/argument","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","score":0.5058907866477966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","score":0.48033586144447327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-intelligence","display_name":"Business intelligence","score":0.4663602113723755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.401062935590744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3903787136077881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.23259055614471436}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6576000452041626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.5430315732955933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5058907866477966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.48033586144447327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2767350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6662173","display_name":"Business intelligence","level":2,"score":0.4663602113723755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.401062935590744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3903787136077881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.23259055614471436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12525-022-00599-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-022-00599-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12525-022-00599-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137519996","display_name":"Electronic Markets","issn_l":"1019-6781","issn":["1019-6781","1422-8890"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Markets","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:spr:elmark:v:32:y:2022:i:4:d:10.1007_s12525-022-00599-z","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12525-022-00599-z","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:econstor.eu:10419/312222","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10419/312222","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401696","display_name":"Econstor (Econstor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"doc-type:article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pub.h-brs.de:6507","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pub.h-brs.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/6507","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400385","display_name":"Publication Server of Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences (Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I135140700","host_organization_name":"University of Bonn","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Markets","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/433766","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/433766","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12525-022-00599-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-022-00599-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12525-022-00599-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137519996","display_name":"Electronic Markets","issn_l":"1019-6781","issn":["1019-6781","1422-8890"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Markets","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6600000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4833405545","display_name":"building GrEener and more sustainable soCieties by filling the Knowledge gap in social science and engineering to enable responsible artificial intelligence co-creatiOn","funder_award_id":"955422","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8749697384","display_name":"building GrEener and more sustainable soCieties by filling the Knowledge gap in social science and engineering to enable responsible artificial intelligence co-creatiOn","funder_award_id":"955422","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338337","funder_display_name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338337","display_name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4308749764.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4308749764.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2053231411","https://openalex.org/W2072615238","https://openalex.org/W2185726654","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2785637175","https://openalex.org/W2785674481","https://openalex.org/W2809925683","https://openalex.org/W2891503716","https://openalex.org/W2915583118","https://openalex.org/W2945062396","https://openalex.org/W2945876440","https://openalex.org/W2949750920","https://openalex.org/W2962862931","https://openalex.org/W2969564875","https://openalex.org/W2972059645","https://openalex.org/W2993464084","https://openalex.org/W3013891882","https://openalex.org/W3049002444","https://openalex.org/W3081491601","https://openalex.org/W3083961251","https://openalex.org/W3090117266","https://openalex.org/W3111875263","https://openalex.org/W3118627298","https://openalex.org/W3136633992","https://openalex.org/W3153990350","https://openalex.org/W3155739706","https://openalex.org/W3159424353","https://openalex.org/W3208323717","https://openalex.org/W3213128436","https://openalex.org/W3215636613","https://openalex.org/W4213192596","https://openalex.org/W4220685644","https://openalex.org/W4220923293","https://openalex.org/W4236218212","https://openalex.org/W4280546657","https://openalex.org/W4293582681","https://openalex.org/W4300356008","https://openalex.org/W4320930577","https://openalex.org/W6632165951","https://openalex.org/W6686330987"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4321442002","https://openalex.org/W2015265939","https://openalex.org/W2284072287","https://openalex.org/W2611067230","https://openalex.org/W2480201319","https://openalex.org/W2387706296","https://openalex.org/W2155788121","https://openalex.org/W4235469518","https://openalex.org/W362492756","https://openalex.org/W2890345561"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Due":[1],"to":[2,30,38,45,63,86,113,157,195,230],"expected":[3],"positive":[4],"impacts":[5],"on":[6,41,75,82,199],"business,":[7],"the":[8,31,35,68,84,90,96,99,114,155,161,166,179,232,290],"application":[9],"of":[10,20,49,70,92,98,252,265,283],"artificial":[11],"intelligence":[12],"has":[13],"been":[14],"widely":[15],"increased.":[16],"The":[17,151,255],"decision-making":[18],"procedures":[19],"those":[21],"models":[22,85,245],"are":[23,138,146],"often":[24],"complex":[25],"and":[26,54,66,94,269],"not":[27,148],"easily":[28],"understandable":[29],"company\u2019s":[32],"stakeholders,":[33],"i.e.":[34],"people":[36],"having":[37],"follow":[39],"up":[40],"recommendations":[42],"or":[43,159],"try":[44],"understand":[46],"automated":[47],"decisions":[48,197],"a":[50,121,253],"system.":[51],"This":[52],"opaqueness":[53],"black-box":[55],"nature":[56],"might":[57],"hinder":[58],"adoption,":[59],"as":[60],"users":[61],"struggle":[62],"make":[64,196],"sense":[65],"trust":[67],"predictions":[69],"AI":[71,87,214],"models.":[72,100],"Recent":[73],"research":[74,218],"eXplainable":[76],"Artificial":[77],"Intelligence":[78],"(XAI)":[79],"focused":[80],"mainly":[81],"explaining":[83],"experts":[88],"with":[89,181,274],"purpose":[91],"debugging":[93],"improving":[95],"performance":[97],"In":[101],"this":[102],"article,":[103],"we":[104,119,240],"explore":[105],"how":[106,220,280],"such":[107,221],"systems":[108],"could":[109,223],"be":[110,208,224,287],"made":[111],"explainable":[112,127],"stakeholders.":[115],"For":[116],"doing":[117],"so,":[118],"propose":[120],"new":[122],"convolutional":[123],"neural":[124],"network":[125],"(CNN)-based":[126],"predictive":[128,284],"model":[129],"for":[130,143,188,213],"product":[131],"backorder":[132],"prediction":[133,251],"in":[134,149,165,184,236,260,263,289],"inventory":[135,191],"management.":[136],"Backorders":[137],"orders":[139,172],"that":[140,145,174,204,246],"customers":[141,168],"place":[142],"products":[144,163],"currently":[147],"stock.":[150],"company":[152,180],"now":[153],"takes":[154,175],"risk":[156],"produce":[158],"acquire":[160],"backordered":[162],"while":[164],"meantime,":[167],"can":[169,207,247,286],"cancel":[170],"their":[171,185,189],"if":[173],"too":[176],"long,":[177],"leaving":[178],"unsold":[182],"items":[183],"inventory.":[186],"Hence,":[187,216],"strategic":[190],"management,":[192],"companies":[193],"need":[194],"based":[198],"assumptions.":[200],"Our":[201,277],"argument":[202],"is":[203],"these":[205],"tasks":[206],"improved":[209],"by":[210],"offering":[211],"explanations":[212,222,229],"recommendations.":[215],"our":[217],"investigates":[219],"provided,":[225],"employing":[226],"Shapley":[227],"additive":[228],"explain":[231,248],"overall":[233],"models\u2019":[234],"priority":[235],"decision-making.":[237],"Besides":[238],"that,":[239],"introduce":[241],"locally":[242],"interpretable":[243],"surrogate":[244],"any":[249],"individual":[250],"model.":[254],"experimental":[256],"results":[257],"demonstrate":[258],"effectiveness":[259],"predicting":[261],"backorders":[262],"terms":[264],"standard":[266],"evaluation":[267],"metrics":[268],"outperform":[270],"known":[271],"related":[272],"works":[273],"AUC":[275],"0.9489.":[276],"approach":[278],"demonstrates":[279],"current":[281],"limitations":[282],"technologies":[285],"addressed":[288],"business":[291],"domain.":[292]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-20T07:56:41.581041","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}