{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415170596","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12469-025-00398-7","title":"Spot-fare inspection in urban bus transportation systems: strategy and unpredictability under a Stackelberg game approach","display_name":"Spot-fare inspection in urban bus transportation systems: strategy and unpredictability under a Stackelberg game approach","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415170596","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12469-025-00398-7"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12469-025-00398-7","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12469-025-00398-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S33948620","display_name":"Public Transport","issn_l":"1613-7159","issn":["1613-7159","1866-749X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Public Transport","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/336823","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007185424","display_name":"Pablo Escalona","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9967-136X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75778554","display_name":"Federico Santa Mar\u00eda Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/05510vn56","country_code":"CL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75778554"]}],"countries":["CL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pablo Escalona","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering, Universidad T\u00e9cnica Federico Santa Mar\u00eda, Avenida Espa\u00f1a 1680, Valpara\u00edso, Chile"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9967-136X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Universidad T\u00e9cnica Federico Santa Mar\u00eda, Avenida Espa\u00f1a 1680, Valpara\u00edso, Chile","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75778554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021711974","display_name":"Luce Brotcorne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0906-7709"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138412","display_name":"Centre Inria de l'Universit\u00e9 de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/04eej9726","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I4210138412"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luce Brotcorne","raw_affiliation_strings":["INOCS Team, INRIA Lille-Nord Europe, 40 Avenue Halley, 59650, Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0906-7709","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INOCS Team, INRIA Lille-Nord Europe, 40 Avenue Halley, 59650, Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I4210138412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083129489","display_name":"Bernard Fortz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2355-8926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157674565","display_name":"University of Li\u00e8ge","ror":"https://ror.org/00afp2z80","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157674565"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernard Fortz","raw_affiliation_strings":["HEC Li\u00e8ge, Management School of the University of Li\u00e8ge, Rue Louvrex 14, 4000, Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2355-8926","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HEC Li\u00e8ge, Management School of the University of Li\u00e8ge, Rue Louvrex 14, 4000, Li\u00e8ge, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157674565"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061860594","display_name":"Nathalia Wolf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1690-7857"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138412","display_name":"Centre Inria de l'Universit\u00e9 de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/04eej9726","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I4210138412"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathalia Wolf","raw_affiliation_strings":["INOCS Team, INRIA Lille-Nord Europe, 40 Avenue Halley, 59650, Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1690-7857","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INOCS Team, INRIA Lille-Nord Europe, 40 Avenue Halley, 59650, Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I4210138412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007185424"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75778554"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.24507145,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1","first_page":"29","last_page":"64"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stackelberg-competition","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","score":0.8815000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payment","display_name":"Payment","score":0.6646000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transit","display_name":"Transit (satellite)","score":0.632099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.48539999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schedule","display_name":"Schedule","score":0.46950000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.3898000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.38370001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taxis","display_name":"Taxis","score":0.3747999966144562}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199510392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184602","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","level":2,"score":0.8815000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.6646000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778022998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q651136","display_name":"Transit (satellite)","level":3,"score":0.632099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.5367000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.48539999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68387754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7271585","display_name":"Schedule","level":2,"score":0.46950000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.42410001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.42309999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3898000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.38370001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183373512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q949618","display_name":"Taxis","level":2,"score":0.3747999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779697334","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878855","display_name":"Bus rapid transit","level":3,"score":0.3257000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780142462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5001227","display_name":"Bus priority","level":3,"score":0.2874999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114809511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412924","display_name":"Flow network","level":2,"score":0.2854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779110517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1240788","display_name":"Supervisor","level":2,"score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112758219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16038819","display_name":"Duration (music)","level":2,"score":0.2743000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.27000001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991774327","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178512","display_name":"Transit system","level":4,"score":0.25760000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.2533000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2513999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39118121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034047","display_name":"Transportation planning","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12469-025-00398-7","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12469-025-00398-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S33948620","display_name":"Public Transport","issn_l":"1613-7159","issn":["1613-7159","1866-749X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Public Transport","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:orbi.ulg.ac.be:2268/336823","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/336823","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400651","display_name":"Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Li\u00e8ge)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I157674565","host_organization_name":"University of Li\u00e8ge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157674565"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Public Transport, 18, 29\u201364 (2026)","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05489949v1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://inria.hal.science/hal-05489949","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Public Transport : Planning and Operations, 2025, ⟨10.1007/s12469-025-00398-7⟩","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:orbi.ulg.ac.be:2268/336823","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/336823","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400651","display_name":"Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Li\u00e8ge)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I157674565","host_organization_name":"University of Li\u00e8ge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157674565"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Public Transport, 18, 29\u201364 (2026)","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3580545943","display_name":"PATROLLING STRATEGIES TO AVOID FARE EVASION IN PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS  A STACKELBERG GAME APPROACH.","funder_award_id":"11200287","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331146","funder_display_name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319253","display_name":"Agen\u021bia Na\u021bional\u0103 pentru Cercetare \u0219i Dezvoltare","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331146","display_name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338463","display_name":"CHIST-ERA","ror":"https://ror.org/00rbzpz17"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1482846566","https://openalex.org/W1827202415","https://openalex.org/W1981334305","https://openalex.org/W2000050888","https://openalex.org/W2016416267","https://openalex.org/W2019820163","https://openalex.org/W2021710335","https://openalex.org/W2060778581","https://openalex.org/W2089026137","https://openalex.org/W2165729504","https://openalex.org/W2525047520","https://openalex.org/W2760854312","https://openalex.org/W2766023033","https://openalex.org/W2770618446","https://openalex.org/W2774076515","https://openalex.org/W2914195244","https://openalex.org/W2943345897","https://openalex.org/W2980577635","https://openalex.org/W3002434524","https://openalex.org/W3006015128","https://openalex.org/W3007996614","https://openalex.org/W3114206338","https://openalex.org/W3135973995","https://openalex.org/W3191687315","https://openalex.org/W3194544605","https://openalex.org/W3205369156","https://openalex.org/W4200462156","https://openalex.org/W4206933842","https://openalex.org/W4220922567","https://openalex.org/W4225781414","https://openalex.org/W4237591687","https://openalex.org/W4320009954","https://openalex.org/W4379877380","https://openalex.org/W4388627514","https://openalex.org/W4401046183"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-15T00:00:00"}