{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313422562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12469-022-00311-6","title":"Three\u2019s a crowd? Examining evolving public transit crowding standards amidst the COVID-19 pandemic","display_name":"Three\u2019s a crowd? Examining evolving public transit crowding standards amidst the COVID-19 pandemic","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313422562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12469-022-00311-6","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38625353"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12469-022-00311-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12469-022-00311-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12469-022-00311-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S33948620","display_name":"Public Transport","issn_l":"1613-7159","issn":["1613-7159","1866-749X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Public Transport","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12469-022-00311-6.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085751700","display_name":"Tianxing Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9574-8393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tianxing Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA","Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1984-1857","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075588005","display_name":"Brian D. Taylor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1037-2751"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1328614147","display_name":"California Department of Transportation","ror":"https://ror.org/04d46jp54","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1328614147","https://openalex.org/I4389425283"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian D. Taylor","raw_affiliation_strings":["UCLA Institute of Transportation Studies, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1656 USA","UCLA Institute of Transportation Studies, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1656, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1037-2751","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCLA Institute of Transportation Studies, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1656 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1328614147"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCLA Institute of Transportation Studies, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1656, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085751700"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":0.3103,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57724475,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"2","first_page":"321","last_page":"341"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowding","display_name":"Crowding","score":0.8846007585525513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pandemic","display_name":"Pandemic","score":0.7413159012794495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowding-out","display_name":"Crowding out","score":0.5895430445671082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-health","display_name":"Public health","score":0.5800890922546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-transport","display_name":"Public transport","score":0.4836779534816742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/descriptive-statistics","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","score":0.4673125445842743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.400486022233963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.38651806116104126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.3522670567035675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.3175411820411682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.26181888580322266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.19796770811080933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.17153894901275635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.12626123428344727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.1122894287109375}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149333683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5189188","display_name":"Crowding","level":2,"score":0.8846007585525513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.7413159012794495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8031360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071788","display_name":"Crowding out","level":2,"score":0.5895430445671082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.5800890922546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539828613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178512","display_name":"Public transport","level":2,"score":0.4836779534816742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.4673125445842743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.400486022233963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.38651806116104126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3522670567035675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3175411820411682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.26181888580322266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.19796770811080933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.17153894901275635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.12626123428344727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.1122894287109375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12469-022-00311-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12469-022-00311-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12469-022-00311-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S33948620","display_name":"Public Transport","issn_l":"1613-7159","issn":["1613-7159","1866-749X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Public Transport","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38625353","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38625353","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Public transport (Heidelberg, Germany)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9762872","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9762872","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Public Transp","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2z83g94d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2z83g94d","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt2z83g94d/qt2z83g94d.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Public Transport, vol 15, iss 2","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:spr:pubtra:v:15:y:2023:i:2:d:10.1007_s12469-022-00311-6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12469-022-00311-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12469-022-00311-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12469-022-00311-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12469-022-00311-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S33948620","display_name":"Public Transport","issn_l":"1613-7159","issn":["1613-7159","1866-749X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Public Transport","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.7200000286102295}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313422562.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313422562.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1556181494","https://openalex.org/W1988086963","https://openalex.org/W2003615975","https://openalex.org/W2012240007","https://openalex.org/W2017929030","https://openalex.org/W2067555217","https://openalex.org/W2261490153","https://openalex.org/W2492072711","https://openalex.org/W2573492682","https://openalex.org/W3037342341","https://openalex.org/W3048642116","https://openalex.org/W3111418508","https://openalex.org/W3147309448","https://openalex.org/W3167684396","https://openalex.org/W3173992462","https://openalex.org/W3177614735","https://openalex.org/W3206021973","https://openalex.org/W3212116862","https://openalex.org/W4286697168"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2903610088","https://openalex.org/W2018481168","https://openalex.org/W2765818854","https://openalex.org/W2409414208","https://openalex.org/W1977672392","https://openalex.org/W2181406184","https://openalex.org/W3023245744","https://openalex.org/W4290284979","https://openalex.org/W4394682889","https://openalex.org/W2008309676"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"COVID-19":[1,80,172],"pandemic":[2,81,204],"dramatically":[3],"affected":[4],"public":[5,24,55,60,213,225],"transit":[6,12,46,56,88,236],"systems":[7,13],"around":[8],"the":[9,41,79,100,105,127,139,146,171,200,207,212,222,230,244,248],"globe.":[10],"Because":[11],"typically":[14],"move":[15],"many":[16],"people":[17],"closely":[18],"together":[19],"on":[20,45,126,239],"buses":[21],"and":[22,119,169,209,217],"trains,":[23],"health":[25,61,214,226],"guidance":[26,62,223],"demanded":[27],"that":[28,63,136,158,199],"riders":[29],"should":[30],"keep":[31],"a":[32,83,191,232],"distance":[33],"of":[34,43,86,138,195,203,211,247],"about":[35],"two":[36],"meters":[37],"to":[38,59,123,164,180],"others":[39],"changed":[40,95],"definition":[42],"\"crowding\"":[44],"in":[47,229],"2020.":[48],"Accordingly,":[49],"this":[50],"research":[51],"examines":[52],"how":[53],"U.S.":[54],"agencies":[57,108,140,160],"responded":[58],"directly":[64],"conflicted":[65],"with":[66,130,190,221],"their":[67,96],"business":[68],"model.":[69],"To":[70],"do":[71],"this,":[72],"we":[73],"examined":[74],"published":[75,97,142,151],"crowding":[76,132,143,153,166,184,241],"standards":[77,98,111,144,167,205,242],"before":[78,145,168],"for":[82],"representative":[84],"sample":[85],"200":[87],"systems,":[89],"including":[90],"whether":[91,107],"they":[92,176],"started":[93],"or":[94,235],"during":[99,170,243],"pandemic,":[101,147,173],"as":[102,104],"well":[103],"reasons":[106],"publicize":[109],"such":[110],"at":[112,218],"all.":[113],"We":[114,134,197],"present":[115],"both":[116],"descriptive":[117],"statistics":[118],"regression":[120],"model":[121],"results":[122],"shed":[124],"light":[125],"factors":[128],"associated":[129,189],"agency":[131],"standards.":[133,154],"find":[135],"56%":[137],"surveyed":[141],"while":[148],"only":[149],"46%":[150],"COVID-19-specific":[152],"Regression":[155],"analyses":[156],"suggest":[157],"larger":[159],"were":[161,188],"more":[162,178,192],"likely":[163,174],"publish":[165],"because":[175],"are":[177],"apt":[179],"experience":[181],"crowding.":[182],"Pandemic-specific":[183],"standards,":[185],"by":[186],"contrast,":[187],"complex":[193],"set":[194],"factors.":[196],"conclude":[198],"relative":[201],"lack":[202,233],"reflects":[206],"uncertainty":[208],"fluidity":[210],"crisis,":[215],"inconsistent":[216],"times":[219],"conflicting":[220],"from":[224],"officials,":[227],"and,":[228],"U.S.,":[231],"national":[234],"industry":[237],"consensus":[238],"appropriate":[240],"first":[245],"year":[246],"pandemic.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}