{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415355353","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-025-01329-z","title":"Human Behavior and Comfort During Load Carrying to Autonomous Mobile Robot","display_name":"Human Behavior and Comfort During Load Carrying to Autonomous Mobile Robot","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415355353","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-025-01329-z"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12369-025-01329-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-025-01329-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12369-025-01329-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168738021","display_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics","issn_l":"1875-4791","issn":["1875-4791","1875-4805"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12369-025-01329-z.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086191984","display_name":"Hideki Tamura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0167-2533"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136259955","display_name":"Toyohashi University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04ezg6d83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136259955"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hideki Tamura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0167-2533","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136259955"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114063941","display_name":"Taiki Konno","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136259955","display_name":"Toyohashi University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04ezg6d83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136259955"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taiki Konno","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136259955"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kaede Ito","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136259955","display_name":"Toyohashi University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04ezg6d83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136259955"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaede Ito","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136259955"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yuta Matsubara","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136259955","display_name":"Toyohashi University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04ezg6d83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136259955"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuta Matsubara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136259955"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092274976","display_name":"Michael Makoto Martinsen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136259955","display_name":"Toyohashi University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04ezg6d83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136259955"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Makoto Martinsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0952-7569","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136259955"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050167244","display_name":"Shigeki Nakauchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4954-6915"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136259955","display_name":"Toyohashi University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04ezg6d83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136259955"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shigeki Nakauchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4954-6915","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136259955"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068826977","display_name":"Tetsuto Minami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3034-6195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136259955","display_name":"Toyohashi University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04ezg6d83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136259955"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tetsuto Minami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3034-6195","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136259955"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086191984"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136259955"],"apc_list":{"value":3690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3690},"apc_paid":{"value":3690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3690},"fwci":0.9085,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7804403,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"11","first_page":"2559","last_page":"2577"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12006","display_name":"Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.7857999801635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feeling","display_name":"Feeling","score":0.6225000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.5619999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-robot","display_name":"Mobile robot","score":0.5303000211715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion","display_name":"Motion (physics)","score":0.4124999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affect","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","score":0.39800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechatronics","display_name":"Mechatronics","score":0.391400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activity-tracker","display_name":"Activity tracker","score":0.3553999960422516}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.7857999801635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122980154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205555","display_name":"Feeling","level":2,"score":0.6225000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5716000199317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.5619999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5414000153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19966478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4810574","display_name":"Mobile robot","level":3,"score":0.5303000211715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5291000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.4327000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4124999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.39800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28704281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180165","display_name":"Mechatronics","level":2,"score":0.391400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3626999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6387636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16001686","display_name":"Activity tracker","level":3,"score":0.3553999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57501372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2021268","display_name":"BitTorrent tracker","level":3,"score":0.34700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145460709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q859951","display_name":"Human\u2013robot interaction","level":3,"score":0.3440000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70770792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239848","display_name":"Preferred walking speed","level":2,"score":0.31360000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221488","display_name":"Pedestrian","level":2,"score":0.2937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985005502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6806593","display_name":"Medical robotics","level":3,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.27309998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.27140000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929848","display_name":"Movement (music)","level":2,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83804111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1063558","display_name":"Behavioral pattern","level":2,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162947575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2005645","display_name":"Social robot","level":5,"score":0.2581000030040741}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12369-025-01329-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-025-01329-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12369-025-01329-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168738021","display_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics","issn_l":"1875-4791","issn":["1875-4791","1875-4805"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12369-025-01329-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-025-01329-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12369-025-01329-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168738021","display_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics","issn_l":"1875-4791","issn":["1875-4791","1875-4805"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1516612556","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"39-55","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323523","funder_display_name":"Casio Science Promotion Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6180104088","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JPNP20004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321680","funder_display_name":"New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321680","display_name":"New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/0055k7a87"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323523","display_name":"Casio Science Promotion Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0417n8r23"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415355353.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415355353.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":82,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1494215347","https://openalex.org/W1964322318","https://openalex.org/W1964386231","https://openalex.org/W1966319379","https://openalex.org/W1969870695","https://openalex.org/W1970707217","https://openalex.org/W1972244635","https://openalex.org/W1972361065","https://openalex.org/W1973647365","https://openalex.org/W1986558703","https://openalex.org/W2007223396","https://openalex.org/W2011061114","https://openalex.org/W2015152737","https://openalex.org/W2031582803","https://openalex.org/W2036559740","https://openalex.org/W2044335697","https://openalex.org/W2051033444","https://openalex.org/W2055711201","https://openalex.org/W2062443488","https://openalex.org/W2067883664","https://openalex.org/W2068406514","https://openalex.org/W2073119957","https://openalex.org/W2075593767","https://openalex.org/W2081379401","https://openalex.org/W2090189546","https://openalex.org/W2094558619","https://openalex.org/W2110022606","https://openalex.org/W2115532407","https://openalex.org/W2116411037","https://openalex.org/W2117744571","https://openalex.org/W2125459864","https://openalex.org/W2128213565","https://openalex.org/W2130168329","https://openalex.org/W2141276373","https://openalex.org/W2143442234","https://openalex.org/W2157936707","https://openalex.org/W2158101081","https://openalex.org/W2158834601","https://openalex.org/W2158842228","https://openalex.org/W2159408972","https://openalex.org/W2159643278","https://openalex.org/W2162130878","https://openalex.org/W2164304727","https://openalex.org/W2165527588","https://openalex.org/W2170679598","https://openalex.org/W2317207876","https://openalex.org/W2329873939","https://openalex.org/W2338854002","https://openalex.org/W2413750868","https://openalex.org/W2462093134","https://openalex.org/W2470650155","https://openalex.org/W2525748821","https://openalex.org/W2552244797","https://openalex.org/W2768174095","https://openalex.org/W2775449808","https://openalex.org/W2895024586","https://openalex.org/W2922127468","https://openalex.org/W2958453231","https://openalex.org/W2980306772","https://openalex.org/W2988212985","https://openalex.org/W2989886745","https://openalex.org/W3006665558","https://openalex.org/W3010621561","https://openalex.org/W3024620277","https://openalex.org/W3033810112","https://openalex.org/W3046158298","https://openalex.org/W3091453089","https://openalex.org/W3128339895","https://openalex.org/W3136217192","https://openalex.org/W3174411578","https://openalex.org/W4205559380","https://openalex.org/W4210536149","https://openalex.org/W4224881297","https://openalex.org/W4229067120","https://openalex.org/W4229856339","https://openalex.org/W4284958317","https://openalex.org/W4294363388","https://openalex.org/W4313987278","https://openalex.org/W4362579520","https://openalex.org/W4381706350","https://openalex.org/W4381950735","https://openalex.org/W4399447618"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"To":[1],"improve":[2],"logistics":[3],"operations,":[4],"humans":[5,30,58,204],"and":[6,32,55,63,75,82,89,95,100,104,114,124,137,151,213],"autonomous":[7],"mobile":[8],"robots":[9],"(AMRs)":[10],"are":[11],"expected":[12],"to":[13,35,51],"interact":[14],"more":[15,166],"in":[16],"smart":[17],"cities,":[18],"such":[19],"as":[20,209,215],"leaving":[21],"packages":[22],"on":[23,66,199],"AMRs":[24,36],"for":[25],"street":[26],"pickup.":[27],"However,":[28],"how":[29],"walk":[31],"pass":[33],"objects":[34],"when":[37,59,155,186],"approaching":[38,207],"each":[39,145],"other":[40],"has":[41],"not":[42,177,214],"been":[43],"systematically":[44],"investigated.":[45],"We":[46],"conducted":[47],"three":[48],"psychophysical":[49],"experiments":[50],"clarify":[52],"the":[53,72,80,86,93,111,120,128,156,160,173,187,200,206,231],"behavior":[54],"comfort":[56,138],"of":[57,92,130,159,193,241],"carrying":[60,229],"a":[61,142,169,210,235,239],"package":[62,115,174],"placing":[64],"it":[65],"an":[67],"AMR,":[68],"by":[69],"(1)":[70],"changing":[71,85,110],"AMR":[73,81,161,188,208,232],"speed":[74,123,149],"final":[76],"stop":[77,87,112,157],"distance":[78,88,113,158],"between":[79,102],"participant,":[83],"(2)":[84],"physical":[90],"weight":[91,175],"package,":[94],"(3)":[96],"comparing":[97],"participants\u2019":[98,121,148],"behaviors":[99],"responses":[101],"high":[103],"low":[105],"robotics":[106,194],"experience":[107,195],"groups":[108],"while":[109],"weight.":[116],"Motion":[117],"trackers":[118],"quantified":[119],"walking":[122],"hesitation":[125,152],"probability":[126,153],"(i.e.,":[127],"frequency":[129],"temporary":[131],"pauses":[132],"during":[133,144,227],"walking).":[134],"Perceived":[135],"heaviness":[136],"were":[139],"recorded":[140],"using":[141],"questionnaire":[143],"trial.":[146],"The":[147,163,191],"decreased":[150],"increased":[154],"decreased.":[162],"participants":[164],"felt":[165,184],"comfortable":[167],"with":[168],"closer":[170],"approach,":[171],"whereas":[172],"did":[176],"affect":[178],"their":[179,218,243],"behavior.":[180],"By":[181],"contrast,":[182],"they":[183],"uncomfortable":[185],"remained":[189],"still.":[190],"level":[192],"had":[196],"no":[197],"influence":[198],"results,":[201],"suggesting":[202],"that":[203],"regard":[205],"load-carrying":[211],"assistant":[212],"something":[216],"entering":[217,242],"personal":[219,244],"space.":[220,245],"Comfortable":[221],"human\u2013AMR":[222],"interaction":[223],"can":[224],"be":[225],"achieved":[226],"load":[228],"if":[230],"closely":[233],"approaches":[234],"person":[236],"without":[237],"instilling":[238],"feeling":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-20T00:00:00"}
