{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410941892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-025-01269-8","title":"No Need for Speed? The Impact of Delivery Robot Speed on Passersby\u2019s Perceived Comfort and Safety and Preferred Signaling Distance","display_name":"No Need for Speed? The Impact of Delivery Robot Speed on Passersby\u2019s Perceived Comfort and Safety and Preferred Signaling Distance","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410941892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-025-01269-8"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12369-025-01269-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-025-01269-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12369-025-01269-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168738021","display_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics","issn_l":"1875-4791","issn":["1875-4791","1875-4805"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12369-025-01269-8.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033888438","display_name":"Heqiu Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9752-3534"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Heqiu Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair Individual and Technology, RWTH Aachen University, 52062, Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9752-3534","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair Individual and Technology, RWTH Aachen University, 52062, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064780289","display_name":"Paul Miles Preuschoff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3545-1579"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Preuschoff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Media Group, RWTH Aachen University, 52062, Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Media Group, RWTH Aachen University, 52062, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117795751","display_name":"Benedikt Grzeschik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benedikt Grzeschik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, RWTH Aachen University, 52062, Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, RWTH Aachen University, 52062, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023445604","display_name":"Astrid Rosenthal-von der P\u00fctten","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2497-143X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Astrid M. Rosenthal-von der P\u00fctten","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair Individual and Technology, RWTH Aachen University, 52062, Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair Individual and Technology, RWTH Aachen University, 52062, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033888438"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"apc_list":{"value":3690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3690},"apc_paid":{"value":3690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3690},"fwci":2.6302,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88641792,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"7","first_page":"1277","last_page":"1288"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9876999855041504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.5593767762184143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechatronics","display_name":"Mechatronics","score":0.5059205889701843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.4910769462585449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45834752917289734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4460747539997101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.42201560735702515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.4119730293750763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.34626924991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.33240967988967896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","score":0.32699573040008545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.19575408101081848}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.5593767762184143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28704281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180165","display_name":"Mechatronics","level":2,"score":0.5059205889701843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.4910769462585449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45834752917289734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4460747539997101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.42201560735702515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4119730293750763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.34626924991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.33240967988967896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.32699573040008545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.19575408101081848}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12369-025-01269-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-025-01269-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12369-025-01269-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168738021","display_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics","issn_l":"1875-4791","issn":["1875-4791","1875-4805"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.rwth-aachen.de:1013430","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/1013430","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401033","display_name":"RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","host_organization_name":"RWTH Aachen University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics 17(7), 1277-1288 (2025). doi:10.1007/s12369-025-01269-8","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12369-025-01269-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-025-01269-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12369-025-01269-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168738021","display_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics","issn_l":"1875-4791","issn":["1875-4791","1875-4805"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324232","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410941892.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410941892.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1567202646","https://openalex.org/W1967894111","https://openalex.org/W2036114930","https://openalex.org/W2066622421","https://openalex.org/W2067822845","https://openalex.org/W2070522799","https://openalex.org/W2104559959","https://openalex.org/W2115068461","https://openalex.org/W2135972998","https://openalex.org/W2169036624","https://openalex.org/W2170615370","https://openalex.org/W2335610593","https://openalex.org/W2499875684","https://openalex.org/W2765437197","https://openalex.org/W2899824181","https://openalex.org/W2902879716","https://openalex.org/W3000439644","https://openalex.org/W3014242094","https://openalex.org/W3140646774","https://openalex.org/W3141956903","https://openalex.org/W4210559752","https://openalex.org/W4287921958","https://openalex.org/W4361298686","https://openalex.org/W4381706350","https://openalex.org/W4392661652"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W122469368","https://openalex.org/W4238798220","https://openalex.org/W2945074068","https://openalex.org/W2475425029","https://openalex.org/W3201918386","https://openalex.org/W2495868881","https://openalex.org/W2467617359","https://openalex.org/W4252287176","https://openalex.org/W2691078541","https://openalex.org/W2490659911"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Autonomous":[1],"robots":[2,121,230],"have":[3,224],"the":[4,19,45,59,71,104,133,136,192],"potential":[5],"to":[6,29,36,180,190,209,215],"assist":[7],"us":[8],"in":[9,32,39,221,231],"various":[10,232],"everyday":[11],"tasks,":[12],"including":[13],"driving":[14],"and":[15,26,47,62,84,162,167,212,223],"package":[16],"delivery.":[17],"In":[18,202],"case":[20],"of":[21,44,64,73,117],"autonomous":[22],"delivery":[23,65,120,229],"robots,":[24],"efficiency":[25,61],"safety":[27,63,85],"need":[28],"be":[30,37,207],"guaranteed":[31],"order":[33],"for":[34,196],"them":[35],"deployed":[38],"real-world":[40],"settings.":[41],"The":[42],"speed":[43,154,211],"robot":[46,75,94,153,171,184,200,210],"its":[48],"signaling":[49,80,137,160,197,213],"distance":[50,161,195,214],"emerged":[51],"as":[52,152],"crucial":[53],"research":[54],"focus":[55],"points,":[56],"greatly":[57],"influencing":[58],"perceived":[60,82],"robots.":[66],"This":[67],"study":[68,110,143],"therefore":[69],"investigates":[70],"impact":[72],"different":[74,123],"speeds":[76],"on":[77,103,199],"participants\u2019":[78,92],"preferred":[79,157],"distance,":[81],"comfort,":[83],"during":[86],"encounters.":[87],"It":[88],"also":[89],"explores":[90],"whether":[91],"prior":[93],"experience":[95],"or":[96,183],"pet":[97,181],"ownership":[98,182],"influences":[99],"these":[100],"factors":[101],"based":[102],"literature.":[105],"We":[106,186],"conducted":[107],"an":[108],"online":[109],"with":[111,119,169,228],"48":[112],"participants":[113,156,218],"who":[114],"watched":[115],"videos":[116],"encounters":[118],"at":[122],"speeds.":[124,172],"Participants":[125],"indicated":[126,150],"when":[127],"they":[128],"would":[129],"step":[130],"aside":[131],"from":[132],"robot,":[134],"defining":[135],"distance.":[138],"An":[139],"additional":[140],"real-life":[141],"interaction":[142],"involved":[144],"11":[145],"participants.":[146],"As":[147],"expected,":[148],"results":[149],"that":[151,217],"increased,":[155],"a":[158,188],"larger":[159],"felt":[163],"progressively":[164],"less":[165],"comfortable":[166],"safe":[168,226],"higher":[170],"However,":[173],"there":[174],"were":[175],"no":[176],"significant":[177],"findings":[178],"related":[179],"experience.":[185],"provide":[187],"formula":[189],"calculate":[191],"most":[193],"adequate":[194],"depending":[198],"speed.":[201],"conclusion,":[203],"careful":[204],"consideration":[205],"must":[206],"given":[208],"ensure":[216],"can":[219],"react":[220],"time":[222],"comfortable,":[225],"interactions":[227],"contexts.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-02T14:50:37.381335","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}