{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4282979860","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-022-00880-3","title":"General Attitudes Towards Robots Scale (GAToRS): A New Instrument for Social Surveys","display_name":"General Attitudes Towards Robots Scale (GAToRS): A New Instrument for Social Surveys","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4282979860","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-022-00880-3"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12369-022-00880-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-022-00880-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12369-022-00880-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168738021","display_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics","issn_l":"1875-4791","issn":["1875-4791","1875-4805"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12369-022-00880-3.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035569441","display_name":"Mika Koverola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8227-6120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mika Koverola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8227-6120","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008240088","display_name":"Anton Kunnari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2951-6399"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anton Kunnari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087813828","display_name":"Jukka Sundvall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4310-1162"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jukka Sundvall","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031399396","display_name":"Michael Laakasuo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2826-6073"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Laakasuo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035569441"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"],"apc_list":{"value":2890,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3690},"apc_paid":{"value":2890,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3690},"fwci":26.5445,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":84,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99642104,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"7","first_page":"1559","last_page":"1581"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12520","display_name":"Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.9660999774932861,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.7537659406661987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.7147201895713806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowdsourcing","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","score":0.6064708828926086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confirmatory-factor-analysis","display_name":"Confirmatory factor analysis","score":0.5654803514480591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.5305460095405579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.49118492007255554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploratory-factor-analysis","display_name":"Exploratory factor analysis","score":0.4879714846611023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4787411093711853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-robot","display_name":"Social robot","score":0.44112300872802734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4332837462425232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.4193548560142517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3839205205440521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-psychology","display_name":"Applied psychology","score":0.3443467617034912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychometrics","display_name":"Psychometrics","score":0.27042755484580994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.16383203864097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-robot","display_name":"Mobile robot","score":0.1345784068107605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-equation-modeling","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","score":0.12285727262496948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developmental-psychology","display_name":"Developmental psychology","score":0.10995295643806458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.10669741034507751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot-control","display_name":"Robot control","score":0.07932513952255249}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.7537659406661987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.7147201895713806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62230096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275969","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","level":2,"score":0.6064708828926086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40722632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5160137","display_name":"Confirmatory factor analysis","level":3,"score":0.5654803514480591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.5305460095405579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.49118492007255554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165957694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421350","display_name":"Exploratory factor analysis","level":3,"score":0.4879714846611023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4787411093711853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162947575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2005645","display_name":"Social robot","level":5,"score":0.44112300872802734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4332837462425232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.4193548560142517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3839205205440521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.3443467617034912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.27042755484580994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.16383203864097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19966478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4810574","display_name":"Mobile robot","level":3,"score":0.1345784068107605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71104824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","level":2,"score":0.12285727262496948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.10995295643806458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.10669741034507751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65401140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353385","display_name":"Robot control","level":4,"score":0.07932513952255249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12369-022-00880-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-022-00880-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12369-022-00880-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168738021","display_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics","issn_l":"1875-4791","issn":["1875-4791","1875-4805"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:helda.helsinki.fi:10138/349665","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10138/349665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213322","display_name":"Ty\u00f6v\u00e4entutkimus Vuosikirja","issn_l":"0784-1272","issn":["0784-1272","1459-7780"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12369-022-00880-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-022-00880-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12369-022-00880-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168738021","display_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics","issn_l":"1875-4791","issn":["1875-4791","1875-4805"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","display_name":"Academy of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05k73zm37"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322282","display_name":"Jane ja Aatos Erkon S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","ror":"https://ror.org/03vxy9y38"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4282979860.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4282979860.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1913957972","https://openalex.org/W2030255799","https://openalex.org/W2032568497","https://openalex.org/W2036149274","https://openalex.org/W2053037644","https://openalex.org/W2100379340","https://openalex.org/W2134694239","https://openalex.org/W2137577228","https://openalex.org/W2138502710","https://openalex.org/W2139410216","https://openalex.org/W2139912445","https://openalex.org/W2187585906","https://openalex.org/W2404605957","https://openalex.org/W2740805211","https://openalex.org/W2753145733","https://openalex.org/W2809708149","https://openalex.org/W2905308143","https://openalex.org/W2924260403","https://openalex.org/W2945465628","https://openalex.org/W2980433339","https://openalex.org/W3017655833","https://openalex.org/W3033293603","https://openalex.org/W3098131776","https://openalex.org/W3127676777","https://openalex.org/W3214923421"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2898496138","https://openalex.org/W2384586913","https://openalex.org/W4254924177","https://openalex.org/W2353508554","https://openalex.org/W2184398632","https://openalex.org/W3135838638","https://openalex.org/W3213051682","https://openalex.org/W564637257","https://openalex.org/W2385721021","https://openalex.org/W4303645065"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Psychometric":[1],"scales":[2,24],"are":[3,25,34],"useful":[4,181],"tools":[5,46,63],"in":[6,42,116,127,161,196],"understanding":[7],"people\u2019s":[8,84],"attitudes":[9,85],"towards":[10,86],"different":[11],"aspects":[12],"of":[13,31,62,165],"life.":[14],"As":[15],"societies":[16],"develop":[17],"and":[18,28,50,67,76,93,101,107,121,157,159,198],"new":[19,22,71,143],"technologies":[20],"arise,":[21],"validated":[23,160,194],"needed.":[26],"Robots":[27],"artificial":[29],"intelligences":[30],"various":[32],"kinds":[33],"about":[35,39,52,114,125],"to":[36,47,64,91,188],"occupy":[37],"just":[38],"every":[40],"niche":[41],"human":[43],"society.":[44],"Several":[45],"measure":[48,65],"fears":[49],"anxieties":[51],"robots":[53,115,126],"do":[54],"exist,":[55],"but":[56],"there":[57],"is":[58],"a":[59,78,180,193],"definite":[60],"lack":[61],"hopes":[66,113],"expectations":[68],"for":[69,183],"these":[70],"technologies.":[72],"Here,":[73],"we":[74],"create":[75],"validate":[77],"novel":[79],"multi-dimensional":[80],"scale":[81,97,133,148,167,177,195],"which":[82],"measures":[83],"robots,":[87,104,110],"giving":[88],"equal":[89],"weight":[90],"positive":[92],"negative":[94],"attitudes.":[95],"Our":[96],"differentiates":[98],"(a)":[99],"comfort":[100],"enjoyment":[102],"around":[103,109],"(b)":[105],"unease":[106],"anxiety":[108],"(c)":[111],"rational":[112,123],"general":[117,128],"(at":[118,129],"societal":[119,130],"level)":[120],"(d)":[122],"worries":[124],"level).":[131],"The":[132],"was":[134],"developed":[135],"by":[136,150,168],"extracting":[137],"items":[138],"from":[139],"previous":[140],"scales,":[141],"crowdsourcing":[142],"items,":[144],"testing":[145],"through":[146],"3":[147],"iterations":[149],"exploratory":[151],"factor":[152,170],"analysis":[153,171],"(Ns":[154],"135,":[155],"801":[156],"609)":[158],"its":[162],"final":[163],"form":[164],"the":[166],"confirmatory":[169],"(N:":[172],"477).":[173],"We":[174],"hope":[175],"our":[176],"will":[178],"be":[179],"instrument":[182],"social":[184],"scientists":[185],"who":[186],"wish":[187],"study":[189],"human-technology":[190],"relations":[191],"with":[192],"efficient":[197],"generalizable":[199],"ways.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
