{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4205140962","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-021-00849-8","title":"Is a Wizard-of-Oz Required for Robot-Led Conversation Practice in a Second Language?","display_name":"Is a Wizard-of-Oz Required for Robot-Led Conversation Practice in a Second Language?","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4205140962","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-021-00849-8"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12369-021-00849-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-021-00849-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12369-021-00849-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168738021","display_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics","issn_l":"1875-4791","issn":["1875-4791","1875-4805"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12369-021-00849-8.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019674455","display_name":"Olov Engwall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4532-014X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Olov Engwall","raw_affiliation_strings":["KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4532-014X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045821487","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Lopes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8773-9216"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Lopes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8773-9216","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088868324","display_name":"Ronald Cumbal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4472-4732"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronald Cumbal","raw_affiliation_strings":["KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4472-4732","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019674455"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"],"apc_list":{"value":2890,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3690},"apc_paid":{"value":2890,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3690},"fwci":1.31,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82660888,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"4","first_page":"1067","last_page":"1085"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/utterance","display_name":"Utterance","score":0.8356947898864746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conversation","display_name":"Conversation","score":0.8161287307739258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7764609456062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.6208791136741638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wizard-of-oz","display_name":"Wizard of oz","score":0.5402102470397949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5194563269615173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.503541886806488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013robot-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013robot interaction","score":0.4897730350494385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.48494985699653625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4795077443122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wizard","display_name":"Wizard","score":0.4389791786670685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-robot","display_name":"Social robot","score":0.43722057342529297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.2981502413749695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.25914818048477173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot-control","display_name":"Robot control","score":0.14485988020896912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-robot","display_name":"Mobile robot","score":0.13219106197357178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.08365750312805176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08102181553840637}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775852435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258403","display_name":"Utterance","level":2,"score":0.8356947898864746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777200299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52943","display_name":"Conversation","level":2,"score":0.8161287307739258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7764609456062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.6208791136741638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987423310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18159725","display_name":"Wizard of oz","level":2,"score":0.5402102470397949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5194563269615173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.503541886806488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145460709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q859951","display_name":"Human\u2013robot interaction","level":3,"score":0.4897730350494385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.48494985699653625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4795077443122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776784076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580334","display_name":"Wizard","level":2,"score":0.4389791786670685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162947575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2005645","display_name":"Social robot","level":5,"score":0.43722057342529297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2981502413749695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.25914818048477173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65401140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353385","display_name":"Robot control","level":4,"score":0.14485988020896912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19966478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4810574","display_name":"Mobile robot","level":3,"score":0.13219106197357178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.08365750312805176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08102181553840637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12369-021-00849-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-021-00849-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12369-021-00849-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168738021","display_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics","issn_l":"1875-4791","issn":["1875-4791","1875-4805"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:kth-305214","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-305214","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401560","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:kth-306942","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-306942","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401559","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12369-021-00849-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-021-00849-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12369-021-00849-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168738021","display_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics","issn_l":"1875-4791","issn":["1875-4791","1875-4805"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7599999904632568}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1994325693","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016-03698","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322581","funder_display_name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2966729111","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MAW 2020.0052","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327344","funder_display_name":"Marcus och Amalia Wallenbergs minnesfond"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322581","display_name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","ror":"https://ror.org/03zttf063"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327344","display_name":"Marcus och Amalia Wallenbergs minnesfond","ror":"https://ror.org/024f3s581"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4205140962.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4205140962.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1542318638","https://openalex.org/W2018732718","https://openalex.org/W2028029365","https://openalex.org/W2041525718","https://openalex.org/W2044099257","https://openalex.org/W2063828767","https://openalex.org/W2093635459","https://openalex.org/W2110437072","https://openalex.org/W2136341266","https://openalex.org/W2218747864","https://openalex.org/W2560862806","https://openalex.org/W2768102515","https://openalex.org/W2785520163","https://openalex.org/W2785721701","https://openalex.org/W2907761700","https://openalex.org/W2963540679","https://openalex.org/W2963797754","https://openalex.org/W2964006684","https://openalex.org/W2969174246","https://openalex.org/W2976044166","https://openalex.org/W3010129262","https://openalex.org/W3010367174","https://openalex.org/W3036876381","https://openalex.org/W3043162596","https://openalex.org/W3048310483","https://openalex.org/W3155584966","https://openalex.org/W3198759167","https://openalex.org/W4246617988","https://openalex.org/W6604093143"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4246078203","https://openalex.org/W659328528","https://openalex.org/W1550648368","https://openalex.org/W2127135847","https://openalex.org/W4402443486","https://openalex.org/W603474643","https://openalex.org/W2152818631","https://openalex.org/W1545061903","https://openalex.org/W1504394863","https://openalex.org/W2757160751"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,21],"large":[2],"majority":[3],"of":[4,28,43,73,92,121,162,194,244,280,300,309],"previous":[5,199],"work":[6,318],"on":[7,151,175,192,248,284,293,306],"human-robot":[8],"conversations":[9,315],"in":[10,56,67,198,218,273],"a":[11,18,51,68,101,108,117,134,166,185,228],"second":[12,69,93],"language":[13,70,94,169],"has":[14],"been":[15],"performed":[16,148],"with":[17,71,320],"human":[19,135,216],"wizard-of-Oz.":[20],"reasons":[22],"are":[23,48,97,124,212],"that":[24,38,47,116,171,189,204,255,259],"automatic":[25],"speech":[26,31,103,153],"recognition":[27,154],"non-native":[29],"conversational":[30],"is":[32,54,190,202],"considered":[33],"to":[34,126],"be":[35,78,127],"unreliable":[36],"and":[37,89,115,276,298],"the":[39,122,142,152,179,195,215,224,234,256,260,268,271,274,278,281,285,288,294,301,307,310],"dialogue":[40],"management":[41],"task":[42],"selecting":[44],"robot":[45,143,163,181,210,245,261,269,286,322],"utterances":[46,96,123,173,211,246],"adequate":[49,141,205],"at":[50,207],"given":[52],"turn":[53],"complex":[55],"social":[57],"conversations.":[58,200],"This":[59],"study":[60],"therefore":[61],"investigates":[62],"if":[63,277],"robot-led":[64,314],"conversation":[65,275,282],"practice":[66],"pairs":[72],"adult":[74],"learners":[75],"could":[76],"potentially":[77],"managed":[79],"by":[80,100,133,214],"an":[81],"autonomous":[82],"robot.":[83],"We":[84,105,137],"first":[85],"investigate":[86],"how":[87,140,266],"correct":[88],"understandable":[90,132],"transcriptions":[91,155,226,302],"learner":[95,176],"when":[98,147],"made":[99],"state-of-the-art":[102,168],"recogniser.":[104],"find":[106],"both":[107],"relatively":[109],"high":[110,229],"word":[111,230,295],"error":[112,231,296],"rate":[113,297],"(41%)":[114],"substantial":[118],"share":[119],"(42%)":[120],"judged":[125],"incomprehensible":[128],"or":[129,156,178,183,206,287],"only":[130],"partially":[131],"reader.":[136],"then":[138],"evaluate":[139],"utterance":[144,311],"selection":[145,243],"is,":[146],"manually":[149],"based":[150,174,247],"autonomously":[157],"using":[158],"(a)":[159],"predefined":[160],"sequences":[161],"utterances,":[164],"(b)":[165],"general":[167],"model":[170],"selects":[172],"input":[177],"preceding":[180],"utterance,":[182],"(c)":[184],"custom-made":[186,235],"statistical":[187,236],"method":[188,237],"trained":[191],"observations":[193],"wizard\u2019s":[196],"choices":[197],"It":[201,251],"shown":[203],"least":[208],"acceptable":[209],"selected":[213],"wizard":[217],"most":[219],"cases":[220],"(96%),":[221],"even":[222],"though":[223],"ASR":[225,249],"have":[227],"rate.":[232],"Further,":[233],"performs":[238],"as":[239,241],"well":[240],"manual":[242],"transcriptions.":[250],"was":[252,283],"also":[253],"found":[254],"interaction":[257,323],"strategy":[258],"employed,":[262],"which":[263],"differed":[264],"regarding":[265],"much":[267],"maintained":[270],"initiative":[272],"focus":[279],"learners,":[289],"had":[290],"marginal":[291],"effects":[292,305],"understandability":[299],"but":[303],"larger":[304],"adequateness":[308],"selection.":[312],"Autonomous":[313],"may":[316],"hence":[317],"better":[319],"some":[321],"strategies.":[324]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
