{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3196270322","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-021-00817-2","title":"Robocalypse? Yes, Please! The Role of Robot Autonomy in the Development of Ambivalent Attitudes Towards Robots","display_name":"Robocalypse? Yes, Please! The Role of Robot Autonomy in the Development of Ambivalent Attitudes Towards Robots","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3196270322","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-021-00817-2","mag":"3196270322","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34413912"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12369-021-00817-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-021-00817-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12369-021-00817-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168738021","display_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics","issn_l":"1875-4791","issn":["1875-4791","1875-4805"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12369-021-00817-2.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074363791","display_name":"Julia G. Stapels","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20121455","display_name":"Bielefeld University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hpadn98","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20121455"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Julia G. Stapels","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Center for Cognitive Interaction Technology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1347-9607","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Center for Cognitive Interaction Technology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20121455"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074815650","display_name":"Friederike Eyssel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4978-8922"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20121455","display_name":"Bielefeld University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hpadn98","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20121455"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Friederike Eyssel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Center for Cognitive Interaction Technology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4978-8922","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Center for Cognitive Interaction Technology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20121455"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074363791"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20121455"],"apc_list":{"value":2890,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3690},"apc_paid":{"value":2890,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3690},"fwci":8.0019,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97232547,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"3","first_page":"683","last_page":"697"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12520","display_name":"Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12521","display_name":"Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambivalence","display_name":"Ambivalence","score":0.9256365299224854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomy","display_name":"Autonomy","score":0.7566277980804443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.6445187926292419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.5996937155723572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.5774685740470886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feeling","display_name":"Feeling","score":0.5534352660179138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qualitative-research","display_name":"Qualitative research","score":0.4222075343132019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qualitative-property","display_name":"Qualitative property","score":0.4212948679924011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2107972502708435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.20949256420135498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.15016824007034302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.1268574297428131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-science","display_name":"Social science","score":0.07221189141273499}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162127614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5928045","display_name":"Ambivalence","level":2,"score":0.9256365299224854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65414064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484105","display_name":"Autonomy","level":2,"score":0.7566277980804443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.6445187926292419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.5996937155723572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5774685740470886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122980154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205555","display_name":"Feeling","level":2,"score":0.5534352660179138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.4222075343132019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87156501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268708","display_name":"Qualitative property","level":2,"score":0.4212948679924011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2107972502708435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.20949256420135498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.15016824007034302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1268574297428131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.07221189141273499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12369-021-00817-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-021-00817-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12369-021-00817-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168738021","display_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics","issn_l":"1875-4791","issn":["1875-4791","1875-4805"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34413912","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34413912","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of social robotics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pub.uni-bielefeld.de:2956845","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pub.uni-bielefeld.de/record/2956845","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401670","display_name":"PUB \u2013 Publications at Bielefeld University (Bielefeld University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I20121455","host_organization_name":"Bielefeld University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20121455"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8362653","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8362653","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Int J Soc Robot","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12369-021-00817-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-021-00817-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12369-021-00817-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168738021","display_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics","issn_l":"1875-4791","issn":["1875-4791","1875-4805"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1281601143","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16SV7959","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323389","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Bielefeld","ror":"https://ror.org/02hpadn98"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3196270322.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3196270322.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1515587369","https://openalex.org/W1560270123","https://openalex.org/W1603493063","https://openalex.org/W1889484915","https://openalex.org/W1892502720","https://openalex.org/W1924470037","https://openalex.org/W1948807083","https://openalex.org/W1973119624","https://openalex.org/W1976933564","https://openalex.org/W1977793234","https://openalex.org/W1978330770","https://openalex.org/W1998051757","https://openalex.org/W2025280753","https://openalex.org/W2025705616","https://openalex.org/W2032568497","https://openalex.org/W2036556776","https://openalex.org/W2039376592","https://openalex.org/W2043246786","https://openalex.org/W2086578969","https://openalex.org/W2098800371","https://openalex.org/W2099046031","https://openalex.org/W2108034895","https://openalex.org/W2109135966","https://openalex.org/W2117497601","https://openalex.org/W2130870187","https://openalex.org/W2139410216","https://openalex.org/W2140534852","https://openalex.org/W2145978062","https://openalex.org/W2146691185","https://openalex.org/W2155151233","https://openalex.org/W2155502425","https://openalex.org/W2158495800","https://openalex.org/W2159297165","https://openalex.org/W2198627146","https://openalex.org/W2260848322","https://openalex.org/W2304007761","https://openalex.org/W2404111443","https://openalex.org/W2467105839","https://openalex.org/W2496777941","https://openalex.org/W2562938470","https://openalex.org/W2584370962","https://openalex.org/W2585691643","https://openalex.org/W2593040332","https://openalex.org/W2593973673","https://openalex.org/W2766931555","https://openalex.org/W2774056939","https://openalex.org/W2890001928","https://openalex.org/W2942520813","https://openalex.org/W2947748474","https://openalex.org/W2953308507","https://openalex.org/W2978102797","https://openalex.org/W2981890891","https://openalex.org/W2989399547","https://openalex.org/W3017163010","https://openalex.org/W3082803834","https://openalex.org/W3096303974","https://openalex.org/W3119070767","https://openalex.org/W3121932158","https://openalex.org/W4212959608","https://openalex.org/W4231165370","https://openalex.org/W4231553177","https://openalex.org/W4232501236","https://openalex.org/W4240018458","https://openalex.org/W4243385754","https://openalex.org/W4243391157","https://openalex.org/W4243663932","https://openalex.org/W4249836231","https://openalex.org/W4250223980","https://openalex.org/W6891572624"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1547577011","https://openalex.org/W2159140040","https://openalex.org/W2488150872","https://openalex.org/W174288402","https://openalex.org/W2108711455","https://openalex.org/W102318029","https://openalex.org/W3176379588","https://openalex.org/W4283385723","https://openalex.org/W2557090833","https://openalex.org/W2388320996"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Attitudes":[1],"towards":[2,40,120,140,189,202],"robots":[3,67,190],"are":[4,191],"not":[5,131],"always":[6],"unequivocally":[7],"positive":[8,16,82],"or":[9],"negative:":[10],"when":[11,153],"attitudes":[12,188],"encompass":[13],"both":[14,81],"strong":[15,18],"and":[17,83,100,111,113,126,174,194,223],"negative":[19,84],"evaluations":[20],"about":[21],"an":[22,27],"attitude":[23],"object,":[24],"people":[25],"experience":[26],"unpleasant":[28],"state":[29],"of":[30,58,76,107,211],"evaluative":[31],"conflict,":[32],"called":[33],"ambivalence.":[34,91,134],"To":[35],"shed":[36,217],"light":[37,218],"on":[38,61,219],"ambivalence":[39,103,115,137,197],"robots,":[41],"we":[42],"conducted":[43],"a":[44],"mixed-methods":[45],"experiment":[46],"with":[47],"N":[48],"=":[49],"163":[50],"German":[51],"university":[52],"students":[53],"that":[54,73,187,195,234],"investigated":[55],"the":[56,105,121,141,183,205,208],"influence":[57,199],"robot":[59,77,95,122,142],"autonomy":[60,78,96],"robot-related":[62,85],"attitudes.":[63],"With":[64],"technological":[65],"progress,":[66],"become":[68],"increasingly":[69],"autonomous.":[70],"We":[71,92],"hypothesized":[72],"high":[74,143],"levels":[75],"would":[79],"increase":[80],"evaluations,":[86],"resulting":[87],"in":[88,146,158],"more":[89],"attitudinal":[90],"experimentally":[93],"manipulated":[94],"through":[97],"text":[98],"vignettes":[99],"assessed":[101],"objective":[102,133],"(i.e.,":[104,116],"amount":[106],"reported":[108],"conflicting":[109],"thoughts":[110],"feelings)":[112],"subjective":[114,136],"self-reported":[117],"experienced":[118],"conflict)":[119],"\u2018VIVA\u2019":[123],"using":[124],"qualitative":[125,215],"quantitative":[127],"measures.":[128],"Autonomy":[129],"did":[130],"impact":[132],"However,":[135],"was":[138],"higher":[139],"versus":[144],"low":[145],"autonomy.":[147],"Interestingly,":[148],"this":[149,196],"effect":[150],"turned":[151],"non-significant":[152],"controlling":[154],"for":[155],"individual":[156],"differences":[157],"technology":[159,212],"commitment.":[160,213],"Qualitative":[161],"results":[162,216],"were":[163],"categorized":[164],"by":[165],"two":[166],"independent":[167],"raters":[168],"into":[169,232],"assets":[170],"(e.g.,":[171,176],"assistance,":[172],"companionship)":[173],"risks":[175],"privacy/data":[177],"security,":[178],"social":[179],"isolation).":[180],"Taken":[181],"together,":[182],"present":[184],"research":[185],"demonstrated":[186],"indeed":[192],"ambivalent":[193],"might":[198],"behavioral":[200],"intentions":[201],"robots.":[203],"Moreover,":[204],"findings":[206],"highlight":[207],"important":[209],"role":[210],"Finally,":[214],"potential":[220],"users\u2019":[221],"concerns":[222],"aspirations.":[224],"This":[225],"way,":[226],"these":[227],"data":[228],"provide":[229],"useful":[230],"insights":[231],"factors":[233],"facilitate":[235],"human\u2013robot":[236],"research.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-16T08:24:45.110214","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}