{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3163027429","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-021-00790-w","title":"Designing AI for Explainability and Verifiability: A Value Sensitive Design Approach to Avoid Artificial Stupidity in Autonomous Vehicles","display_name":"Designing AI for Explainability and Verifiability: A Value Sensitive Design Approach to Avoid Artificial Stupidity in Autonomous Vehicles","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3163027429","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-021-00790-w","mag":"3163027429"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12369-021-00790-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-021-00790-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12369-021-00790-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168738021","display_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics","issn_l":"1875-4791","issn":["1875-4791","1875-4805"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12369-021-00790-w.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004022105","display_name":"Steven Umbrello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2594-6313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55143463","display_name":"University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/048tbm396","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55143463"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Steven Umbrello","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, University of Turin, Via Sette Comuni 45, Turin, 10127, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2594-6313","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, University of Turin, Via Sette Comuni 45, Turin, 10127, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55143463"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060472193","display_name":"Roman V. Yampolskiy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9637-1161"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142740786","display_name":"University of Louisville","ror":"https://ror.org/01ckdn478","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roman V. Yampolskiy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, 40292, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9637-1161","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, 40292, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004022105"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55143463"],"apc_list":{"value":2890,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3690},"apc_paid":{"value":2890,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3690},"fwci":9.3181,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":60,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97992537,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"2","first_page":"313","last_page":"322"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12520","display_name":"Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment","score":0.9697999954223633,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11953","display_name":"Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations","score":0.947700023651123,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6154124736785889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stupidity","display_name":"Stupidity","score":0.5556408166885376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4963913559913635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","score":0.48855385184288025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salient","display_name":"Salient","score":0.48260748386383057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.42856526374816895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embodied-cognition","display_name":"Embodied cognition","score":0.42765113711357117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.38439005613327026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.32636475563049316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19381257891654968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.15484270453453064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.14172479510307312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6154124736785889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776961235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q795","display_name":"Stupidity","level":2,"score":0.5556408166885376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4963913559913635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.48855385184288025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780719617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030752","display_name":"Salient","level":2,"score":0.48260748386383057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.42856526374816895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100609095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335050","display_name":"Embodied cognition","level":2,"score":0.42765113711357117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.38439005613327026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.32636475563049316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19381257891654968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.15484270453453064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.14172479510307312}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12369-021-00790-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-021-00790-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12369-021-00790-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168738021","display_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics","issn_l":"1875-4791","issn":["1875-4791","1875-4805"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ir.library.louisville.edu:faculty-1563","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ir.library.louisville.edu/faculty/554","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402244","display_name":"ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142740786","host_organization_name":"University of Louisville","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Scholarship","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unito.it:2318/1788856","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2318/1788856","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400637","display_name":"Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I55143463","host_organization_name":"University of Turin","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55143463"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philarchive.org/rec/UMBDAF-2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://philarchive.org/rec/UMBDAF-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402130","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philpapers.org/rec/UMBDAF-2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://philpapers.org/rec/UMBDAF-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402131","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12369-021-00790-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-021-00790-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12369-021-00790-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168738021","display_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics","issn_l":"1875-4791","issn":["1875-4791","1875-4805"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Social Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7300000190734863}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324041","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino","ror":"https://ror.org/048tbm396"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3163027429.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3163027429.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":76,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W196913282","https://openalex.org/W1484126710","https://openalex.org/W1498112155","https://openalex.org/W1500989946","https://openalex.org/W1512483161","https://openalex.org/W1535357018","https://openalex.org/W1595324694","https://openalex.org/W1798604664","https://openalex.org/W1836242198","https://openalex.org/W1964249056","https://openalex.org/W1967009395","https://openalex.org/W1969399054","https://openalex.org/W1979403545","https://openalex.org/W1993466996","https://openalex.org/W2033487796","https://openalex.org/W2059503205","https://openalex.org/W2078261111","https://openalex.org/W2102460407","https://openalex.org/W2106373505","https://openalex.org/W2106460240","https://openalex.org/W2120706885","https://openalex.org/W2122779896","https://openalex.org/W2138512963","https://openalex.org/W2145790759","https://openalex.org/W2148587638","https://openalex.org/W2155765950","https://openalex.org/W2165040803","https://openalex.org/W2165281888","https://openalex.org/W2195895096","https://openalex.org/W2270405047","https://openalex.org/W2493343568","https://openalex.org/W2508058976","https://openalex.org/W2510079224","https://openalex.org/W2530800405","https://openalex.org/W2566300450","https://openalex.org/W2566455629","https://openalex.org/W2576678441","https://openalex.org/W2579741268","https://openalex.org/W2582721310","https://openalex.org/W2589869525","https://openalex.org/W2593875122","https://openalex.org/W2602275733","https://openalex.org/W2622959072","https://openalex.org/W2741895469","https://openalex.org/W2756227927","https://openalex.org/W2761552617","https://openalex.org/W2769882943","https://openalex.org/W2792435043","https://openalex.org/W2796186249","https://openalex.org/W2890268301","https://openalex.org/W2898058736","https://openalex.org/W2904945335","https://openalex.org/W2906849518","https://openalex.org/W2913022911","https://openalex.org/W2928320436","https://openalex.org/W2932617577","https://openalex.org/W2943881134","https://openalex.org/W2944074897","https://openalex.org/W2963226893","https://openalex.org/W2963395756","https://openalex.org/W2963658727","https://openalex.org/W2963749936","https://openalex.org/W2971466976","https://openalex.org/W2990471853","https://openalex.org/W2993428007","https://openalex.org/W2995334850","https://openalex.org/W3082261054","https://openalex.org/W3121545161","https://openalex.org/W3127531866","https://openalex.org/W4211192987","https://openalex.org/W4229735655","https://openalex.org/W4236088649","https://openalex.org/W4249735797","https://openalex.org/W4288995270","https://openalex.org/W4292081290","https://openalex.org/W4300068207"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2935622128","https://openalex.org/W4385380264","https://openalex.org/W4210705208","https://openalex.org/W4389781572","https://openalex.org/W4309491373","https://openalex.org/W3201396810","https://openalex.org/W3114974104","https://openalex.org/W4389506183","https://openalex.org/W611617242","https://openalex.org/W4253594436"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"One":[1],"of":[2,15,22,53,56,66,90,103,126],"the":[3,11,19,23,51,60,77,88,101,113,124,169,198],"primary,":[4],"if":[5,44],"not":[6,45],"most":[7],"critical,":[8],"difficulties":[9],"in":[10,36,205],"design":[12,186,191],"and":[13,26,34,105,163,188],"implementation":[14],"autonomous":[16,81,206],"systems":[17],"is":[18,132,166],"black-boxed":[20],"nature":[21],"decision-making":[24],"structures":[25,65],"logical":[27],"pathways.":[28],"How":[29],"human":[30],"values":[31,52,102,128],"are":[32],"embodied":[33],"actualised":[35],"situ":[37],"may":[38],"ultimately":[39],"prove":[40],"to":[41,86,147,160,184,197],"be":[42,84,195],"harmful":[43],"outright":[46],"recalcitrant.":[47],"For":[48],"this":[49,110],"reason,":[50],"stakeholders":[54],"become":[55],"particular":[57],"significance":[58],"given":[59],"risks":[61,89],"posed":[62],"by":[63],"opaque":[64,91],"intelligent":[67],"agents.":[68],"This":[69],"paper":[70],"explores":[71],"how":[72],"decision":[73],"matrix":[74],"algorithms,":[75],"via":[76],"belief-desire-intention":[78],"model":[79],"for":[80,100,123,144,203],"vehicles,":[82],"can":[83,182,194],"designed":[85],"minimize":[87],"architectures.":[92],"Primarily":[93],"through":[94],"an":[95],"explicit":[96],"orientation":[97],"towards":[98],"designing":[99],"explainability":[104],"verifiability.":[106],"In":[107],"doing":[108],"so,":[109],"research":[111],"adopts":[112],"Value":[114],"Sensitive":[115],"Design":[116],"(VSD)":[117],"approach":[118],"as":[119,134],"a":[120,135,141,175],"principled":[121],"framework":[122],"incorporation":[125],"such":[127],"within":[129,153],"design.":[130],"VSD":[131,170],"recognized":[133],"potential":[136],"starting":[137],"point":[138],"that":[139,168,193],"offers":[140,172],"systematic":[142],"way":[143],"engineering":[145],"teams":[146],"formally":[148],"incorporate":[149],"existing":[150],"technical":[151],"solutions":[152],"ethical":[154,200],"design,":[155],"while":[156],"simultaneously":[157],"remaining":[158],"pliable":[159],"emerging":[161],"issues":[162],"needs.":[164],"It":[165],"concluded":[167],"methodology":[171],"at":[173],"least":[174],"strong":[176],"enough":[177],"foundation":[178],"from":[179],"which":[180],"designers":[181],"begin":[183],"anticipate":[185],"needs":[187],"formulate":[189],"salient":[190],"flows":[192],"adapted":[196],"changing":[199],"landscapes":[201],"required":[202],"utilisation":[204],"vehicles.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
