{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4323346399","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12243-023-00953-y","title":"Towards adversarial realism and robust learning for IoT intrusion detection and classification","display_name":"Towards adversarial realism and robust learning for IoT intrusion detection and classification","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4323346399","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12243-023-00953-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12243-023-00953-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12243-023-00953-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12243-023-00953-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164884734","display_name":"Annals of Telecommunications","issn_l":"0003-4347","issn":["0003-4347","1958-9395"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Telecommunications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12243-023-00953-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000190815","display_name":"Jo\u00e3o Vitorino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4968-3653"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83863532","display_name":"Polytechnic Institute of Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/04988re48","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83863532"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jo\u00e3o Vitorino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Group on Intelligent Engineering and Computing for Advanced Innovation and Development (GECAD), School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto (ISEP/IPP), 4249-015, Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4968-3653","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Group on Intelligent Engineering and Computing for Advanced Innovation and Development (GECAD), School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto (ISEP/IPP), 4249-015, Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83863532"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005516592","display_name":"Isabel Pra\u00e7a","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2519-9859"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83863532","display_name":"Polytechnic Institute of Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/04988re48","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83863532"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Isabel Pra\u00e7a","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Group on Intelligent Engineering and Computing for Advanced Innovation and Development (GECAD), School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto (ISEP/IPP), 4249-015, Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2519-9859","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Group on Intelligent Engineering and Computing for Advanced Innovation and Development (GECAD), School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto (ISEP/IPP), 4249-015, Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83863532"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004608532","display_name":"Eva Maia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8075-531X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83863532","display_name":"Polytechnic Institute of Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/04988re48","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83863532"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eva Maia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Group on Intelligent Engineering and Computing for Advanced Innovation and Development (GECAD), School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto (ISEP/IPP), 4249-015, Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8075-531X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Group on Intelligent Engineering and Computing for Advanced Innovation and Development (GECAD), School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto (ISEP/IPP), 4249-015, Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83863532"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000190815"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83863532"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.0013,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97342348,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"78","issue":"7-8","first_page":"401","last_page":"412"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.8842242360115051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.652592658996582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/realism","display_name":"Realism","score":0.5713731050491333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5477229952812195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.502556324005127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47304123640060425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4149777889251709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2762468159198761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.14844709634780884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.08151191473007202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.8842242360115051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.652592658996582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C543847140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2642826","display_name":"Realism","level":2,"score":0.5713731050491333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5477229952812195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.502556324005127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47304123640060425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4149777889251709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2762468159198761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.14844709634780884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.08151191473007202}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12243-023-00953-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12243-023-00953-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12243-023-00953-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164884734","display_name":"Annals of Telecommunications","issn_l":"0003-4347","issn":["0003-4347","1958-9395"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Telecommunications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12243-023-00953-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12243-023-00953-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12243-023-00953-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164884734","display_name":"Annals of Telecommunications","issn_l":"0003-4347","issn":["0003-4347","1958-9395"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Telecommunications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1516346500","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"01-0145","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2185762782","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UIDB/00760/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G323769159","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PORTUGAL 2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3550249319","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NORTE 2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G601179018","display_name":"Research Group on Intelligent Engineering and Computing for Advanced Innovation and Development","funder_award_id":"UIDB/00760/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7584003722","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NORTE-01-0145","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8274051256","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NORTE 2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8992707719","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000044","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324197","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/04988re48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/00snfqn58"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4323346399.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2144906988","https://openalex.org/W2180612164","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2296719434","https://openalex.org/W2330219538","https://openalex.org/W2516066574","https://openalex.org/W2736085241","https://openalex.org/W2765424254","https://openalex.org/W2768348081","https://openalex.org/W2811266402","https://openalex.org/W2902121396","https://openalex.org/W2911505293","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2940895343","https://openalex.org/W2950951261","https://openalex.org/W2958285686","https://openalex.org/W2963178695","https://openalex.org/W2963501948","https://openalex.org/W2963748489","https://openalex.org/W2969468102","https://openalex.org/W2980185226","https://openalex.org/W2981446616","https://openalex.org/W2986455874","https://openalex.org/W2991140181","https://openalex.org/W3003685271","https://openalex.org/W3007481080","https://openalex.org/W3021575588","https://openalex.org/W3026606204","https://openalex.org/W3032638893","https://openalex.org/W3036573907","https://openalex.org/W3042368254","https://openalex.org/W3103557498","https://openalex.org/W3111818035","https://openalex.org/W3114378810","https://openalex.org/W3127943761","https://openalex.org/W3128937339","https://openalex.org/W3158507034","https://openalex.org/W3163963286","https://openalex.org/W3168146198","https://openalex.org/W3176065393","https://openalex.org/W3209498073","https://openalex.org/W3216442403","https://openalex.org/W4220719329","https://openalex.org/W4220916459","https://openalex.org/W4307304718"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2502115930","https://openalex.org/W2482350142","https://openalex.org/W4246396837","https://openalex.org/W3126451824","https://openalex.org/W1561927205","https://openalex.org/W3191453585","https://openalex.org/W4297672492","https://openalex.org/W4310988119","https://openalex.org/W4285226279","https://openalex.org/W4288019534"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,73,147],"internet":[2],"of":[3,21,47,154,167],"things":[4],"(IoT)":[5],"faces":[6],"tremendous":[7],"security":[8],"challenges.":[9],"Machine":[10],"learning":[11],"models":[12,121],"can":[13],"be":[14],"used":[15,77],"to":[16,78,159],"tackle":[17],"the":[18,28,36,45,109,132,141,151,165],"growing":[19],"number":[20],"cyber-attack":[22,54,183],"variations":[23],"targeting":[24],"IoT":[25,178],"systems,":[26],"but":[27],"increasing":[29],"threat":[30],"posed":[31],"by":[32],"adversarial":[33,53,63,69,104,126,160,168],"attacks":[34,117,162],"restates":[35],"need":[37],"for":[38,50,60,174],"reliable":[39],"defense":[40],"strategies.":[41],"This":[42],"work":[43],"describes":[44],"types":[46],"constraints":[48],"required":[49],"a":[51,58,61,67,171,175],"realistic":[52,68],"example":[55],"and":[56,90,96,115,125,157,163,170,182],"proposes":[57],"methodology":[59,75],"trustworthy":[62],"robustness":[64],"analysis":[65],"with":[66,108,123],"evasion":[70,116,161],"attack":[71],"vector.":[72],"proposed":[74],"was":[76,131],"evaluate":[79],"three":[80],"supervised":[81],"algorithms,":[82],"random":[83],"forest":[84,101],"(RF),":[85],"extreme":[86],"gradient":[87,92],"boosting":[88,93],"(XGB),":[89],"light":[91],"machine":[94],"(LGBM),":[95],"one":[97],"unsupervised":[98],"algorithm,":[99],"isolation":[100],"(IFOR).":[102],"Constrained":[103],"examples":[105],"were":[106,118],"generated":[107],"adaptative":[110],"perturbation":[111],"pattern":[112],"method":[113],"(A2PM),":[114],"performed":[119],"against":[120],"created":[122],"regular":[124],"training.":[127],"Even":[128],"though":[129],"RF":[130],"least":[133],"affected":[134],"in":[135,144],"binary":[136],"classification,":[137],"XGB":[138],"consistently":[139],"achieved":[140],"highest":[142],"accuracy":[143],"multi-class":[145],"classification.":[146,184],"obtained":[148],"results":[149],"evidence":[150],"inherent":[152],"susceptibility":[153],"tree-based":[155],"algorithms":[156],"ensembles":[158],"demonstrate":[164],"benefits":[166],"training":[169],"security-by-design":[172],"approach":[173],"more":[176],"robust":[177],"network":[179],"intrusion":[180],"detection":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T06:13:01.061226","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
