{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387601411","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-023-01117-1","title":"Understanding the role of training sample size in the uncertainty of high-resolution LULC mapping using random forest","display_name":"Understanding the role of training sample size in the uncertainty of high-resolution LULC mapping using random forest","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387601411","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-023-01117-1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12145-023-01117-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-023-01117-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12145-023-01117-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198914822","display_name":"Earth Science Informatics","issn_l":"1865-0473","issn":["1865-0473","1865-0481"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Earth Science Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12145-023-01117-1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025732199","display_name":"Kwanele Phinzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1865-7011"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12553626","display_name":"University of Zululand","ror":"https://ror.org/03v8ter60","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12553626"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kwanele Phinzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12553626"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023478878","display_name":"Njoya Silas Ngetar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1230-6683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95023434","display_name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal","ror":"https://ror.org/04qzfn040","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Njoya Silas Ngetar","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042425451","display_name":"Quoc Bao Pham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0468-5962"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I864159182","display_name":"University of Silesia in Katowice","ror":"https://ror.org/0104rcc94","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I864159182"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quoc Bao Pham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, B\u0119dzi\u0144ska Street 60, 41- 200, Sosnowiec, Poland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, B\u0119dzi\u0144ska Street 60, 41- 200, Sosnowiec, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I864159182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046670124","display_name":"Gashaw Gismu Chakilu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124803","display_name":"Debark University","ror":"https://ror.org/034yc4v31","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124803"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gashaw Gismu Chakilu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Natural Resources Management, Debark University, Debark, Ethiopia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Natural Resources Management, Debark University, Debark, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124803"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061530397","display_name":"Szil\u00e1rd Szab\u00f3","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2670-7384"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132735039","display_name":"University of Debrecen","ror":"https://ror.org/02xf66n48","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132735039"]}],"countries":["HU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Szil\u00e1rd Szab\u00f3","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physical Geography and Geoinformatics, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Geography and Geoinformatics, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132735039"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025732199"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12553626"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3390},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3390},"fwci":5.949,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96511587,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"4","first_page":"3667","last_page":"3677"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.7343495488166809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.6856718063354492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.5420402884483337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample-size-determination","display_name":"Sample size determination","score":0.5396843552589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.5241454243659973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.49262863397598267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.45290806889533997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.42850756645202637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.40736955404281616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3469705581665039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3418540954589844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.33442217111587524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.32889771461486816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1665617823600769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.15591254830360413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.07684418559074402}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.7343495488166809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.6856718063354492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.5420402884483337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129848803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564360","display_name":"Sample size determination","level":2,"score":0.5396843552589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.5241454243659973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.49262863397598267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.45290806889533997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.42850756645202637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.40736955404281616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3469705581665039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3418540954589844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33442217111587524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.32889771461486816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1665617823600769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.15591254830360413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07684418559074402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12145-023-01117-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-023-01117-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12145-023-01117-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198914822","display_name":"Earth Science Informatics","issn_l":"1865-0473","issn":["1865-0473","1865-0481"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Earth Science Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12145-023-01117-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-023-01117-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12145-023-01117-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198914822","display_name":"Earth Science Informatics","issn_l":"1865-0473","issn":["1865-0473","1865-0481"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Earth Science Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.7300000190734863}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328368","display_name":"South African National Space Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02epph894"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329430","display_name":"University of Zululand","ror":"https://ror.org/03v8ter60"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387601411.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1565635109","https://openalex.org/W1981428755","https://openalex.org/W2005683346","https://openalex.org/W2021524677","https://openalex.org/W2041282815","https://openalex.org/W2084668217","https://openalex.org/W2087556827","https://openalex.org/W2114635925","https://openalex.org/W2131305829","https://openalex.org/W2138973222","https://openalex.org/W2139086914","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2261059368","https://openalex.org/W2283002322","https://openalex.org/W2294141295","https://openalex.org/W2467141537","https://openalex.org/W2582743722","https://openalex.org/W2648242067","https://openalex.org/W2763734094","https://openalex.org/W2775069442","https://openalex.org/W2776146695","https://openalex.org/W2791260466","https://openalex.org/W2808232479","https://openalex.org/W2888054673","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2949456398","https://openalex.org/W2963289561","https://openalex.org/W3014372673","https://openalex.org/W3042707128","https://openalex.org/W3112988778","https://openalex.org/W3126087996","https://openalex.org/W3136651721","https://openalex.org/W3153636292","https://openalex.org/W3160803333","https://openalex.org/W3207570343","https://openalex.org/W3214761492","https://openalex.org/W4220967918","https://openalex.org/W4243533475","https://openalex.org/W4246575739","https://openalex.org/W4292314147","https://openalex.org/W4312429769","https://openalex.org/W4313483117","https://openalex.org/W4321766453"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3193043704","https://openalex.org/W2088899772","https://openalex.org/W2614621130","https://openalex.org/W2547665164","https://openalex.org/W2044092692","https://openalex.org/W3103111272","https://openalex.org/W4289655544","https://openalex.org/W2615806692","https://openalex.org/W2080965330","https://openalex.org/W2547534968"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"High-resolution":[1],"sensors":[2],"onboard":[3],"satellites":[4],"are":[5,21],"generally":[6,151],"reputed":[7],"for":[8],"rapidly":[9],"producing":[10],"land-use/land-cover":[11],"(LULC)":[12],"maps":[13,20],"with":[14],"improved":[15,89],"spatial":[16],"detail.":[17],"However,":[18],"such":[19],"subject":[22],"to":[23,26,45,102,169,204],"uncertainties":[24,62,206],"due":[25],"several":[27],"factors,":[28],"including":[29],"the":[30,36,53,65,68,73,162,170,195],"training":[31,40,86,97,144,149,172,201],"sample":[32,41,145,202],"size.":[33],"We":[34],"investigated":[35],"effects":[37],"of":[38,72,190,197],"different":[39],"sizes":[42],"(from":[43],"1000":[44],"12,000":[46,103],"pixels)":[47],"on":[48],"LULC":[49,209],"classification":[50,61],"accuracy":[51,75,164],"using":[52,176],"random":[54],"forest":[55],"(RF)":[56],"classifier.":[57],"Then,":[58],"we":[59],"analyzed":[60],"by":[63],"determining":[64],"median":[66],"and":[67,129,184],"interquartile":[69],"range":[70],"(IQR)":[71],"overall":[74],"(OA)":[76],"values":[77,141],"through":[78],"repeated":[79],"k-fold":[80],"cross-validation.":[81],"Results":[82],"showed":[83],"that":[84],"increasing":[85],"pixels":[87,178],"significantly":[88],"OA":[90,140],"while":[91],"minimizing":[92],"model":[93],"uncertainty.":[94],"Specifically,":[95],"larger":[96,148],"samples,":[98],"ranging":[99],"from":[100],"9000":[101],"pixels,":[104],"exhibited":[105],"narrower":[106],"IQRs":[107],"than":[108],"smaller":[109],"samples":[110,150],"(1000\u20132000":[111],"pixels).":[112],"Furthermore,":[113],"there":[114],"was":[115,157],"a":[116,130],"significant":[117,131],"variation":[118],"(Chi":[119],"2":[120],"=":[121,124,134],"85.073;":[122],"df":[123],"11;":[125],"p":[126,136],"&lt;":[127,137],"0.001)":[128,138],"trend":[132,156],"(J-T":[133],"4641,":[135],"in":[139,207],"across":[142],"various":[143],"sizes.":[146],"Although":[147],"yielded":[152],"high":[153],"accuracies,":[154],"this":[155],"not":[158,166],"always":[159],"consistent,":[160],"as":[161],"lowest":[163],"did":[165],"necessarily":[167],"correspond":[168],"smallest":[171],"sample.":[173],"Nevertheless,":[174],"models":[175],"9000\u201311,000":[177],"were":[179],"effective":[180],"(OA":[181],"&gt;":[182],"96%)":[183],"provided":[185],"an":[186,199],"accurate":[187],"visual":[188],"representation":[189],"LULC.":[191],"Our":[192],"findings":[193],"emphasize":[194],"importance":[196],"selecting":[198],"appropriate":[200],"size":[203],"reduce":[205],"high-resolution":[208],"classification.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-05T09:29:38.588285","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
