{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2795786825","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12065-020-00427-3","title":"Investigating the use of an ensemble of evolutionary algorithms for letter identification in tremulous medieval handwriting","display_name":"Investigating the use of an ensemble of evolutionary algorithms for letter identification in tremulous medieval handwriting","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2795786825","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12065-020-00427-3","mag":"2795786825"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12065-020-00427-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12065-020-00427-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12065-020-00427-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S182392644","display_name":"Evolutionary Intelligence","issn_l":"1864-5909","issn":["1864-5909","1864-5917"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Evolutionary Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12065-020-00427-3.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008420793","display_name":"Ronnypetson Souza da Silva","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181391015","display_name":"Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)","ror":"https://ror.org/04wffgt70","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181391015"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148978","display_name":"Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas da Unicamp","ror":"https://ror.org/05g89bp20","country_code":"BR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148978"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronnypetson Souza da Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["UNICAMP, Sao Paulo, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNICAMP, Sao Paulo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181391015","https://openalex.org/I4210148978"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009932042","display_name":"M\u00e1rjory Da Costa\u2010Abreu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7461-7570"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71422933","display_name":"Sheffield Hallam University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wt1929","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71422933"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M\u00e1rjory Da Costa-Abreu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7461-7570","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71422933"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105232398","display_name":"Stephen L. Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6885-2643"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of York, York, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of York, York, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009932042"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71422933"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"fwci":0.1443,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.43746696,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"4","first_page":"1657","last_page":"1669"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9553999900817871,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8304194808006287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-subspace-method","display_name":"Random subspace method","score":0.6853128671646118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.6503978371620178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.648582398891449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6214446425437927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.5636296272277832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5461796522140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting","display_name":"Handwriting","score":0.5357192158699036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cascading-classifiers","display_name":"Cascading classifiers","score":0.5240999460220337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4852311611175537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.47333842515945435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-algorithm","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","score":0.4625266194343567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.45391494035720825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-forecasting","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","score":0.44981980323791504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base","display_name":"Base (topology)","score":0.44563180208206177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.42016249895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.30266013741493225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11923357844352722}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8304194808006287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106135958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7291993","display_name":"Random subspace method","level":3,"score":0.6853128671646118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.6503978371620178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.648582398891449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6214446425437927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.5636296272277832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5461796522140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779386606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393642","display_name":"Handwriting","level":2,"score":0.5357192158699036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40651066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5048220","display_name":"Cascading classifiers","level":4,"score":0.5240999460220337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4852311611175537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.47333842515945435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159149176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14489129","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","level":2,"score":0.4625266194343567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.45391494035720825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119898033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433888","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","level":2,"score":0.44981980323791504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810214","display_name":"Base (topology)","level":2,"score":0.44563180208206177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.42016249895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.30266013741493225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11923357844352722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12065-020-00427-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12065-020-00427-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12065-020-00427-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S182392644","display_name":"Evolutionary Intelligence","issn_l":"1864-5909","issn":["1864-5909","1864-5917"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Evolutionary Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:162062","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6885-2643>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:shura.shu.ac.uk:26482","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7461-7570>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401600","display_name":"SHURA (Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive) (Sheffield Hallam University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I71422933","host_organization_name":"Sheffield Hallam University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71422933"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12065-020-00427-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12065-020-00427-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12065-020-00427-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S182392644","display_name":"Evolutionary Intelligence","issn_l":"1864-5909","issn":["1864-5909","1864-5917"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Evolutionary Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8500000238418579,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335464","display_name":"National Research Council of the Philippines","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2795786825.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2795786825.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1503398984","https://openalex.org/W1528140509","https://openalex.org/W1568404366","https://openalex.org/W1595984149","https://openalex.org/W1597009674","https://openalex.org/W2100805904","https://openalex.org/W2106748422","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2148461049","https://openalex.org/W2165302198","https://openalex.org/W2168893862","https://openalex.org/W2201182391","https://openalex.org/W2505156521","https://openalex.org/W2539586701","https://openalex.org/W3105196959","https://openalex.org/W4220769555","https://openalex.org/W4300184272","https://openalex.org/W4301971222"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2046975922","https://openalex.org/W1933712933","https://openalex.org/W2057416691","https://openalex.org/W4256395896","https://openalex.org/W2968660735","https://openalex.org/W2245276335","https://openalex.org/W1760344465","https://openalex.org/W1985828740","https://openalex.org/W4205397888","https://openalex.org/W3094789558"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Ensemble":[1],"classifiers":[2,29,49,69,173,187],"are":[3,74,143,158,174],"known":[4],"for":[5,87,106,213],"performing":[6],"good":[7],"generalization":[8],"from":[9],"simpler":[10],"and":[11,114,219],"less":[12],"accurate":[13],"classifiers.":[14,206],"Ensembles":[15],"have":[16,196],"the":[17,21,27,47,55,78,98,130,135,152,164,171],"ability":[18],"to":[19,32,37,44,53,60,64,81,115,125,163,178,201,216,223],"use":[20,99,126],"variety":[22],"in":[23,30,110,176,226],"classification":[24,221],"patterns":[25,169,199],"of":[26,68,100,121,148,154,170,185,203],"smaller":[28],"order":[31,177],"make":[33],"better":[34,182],"predictions.":[35,57],"However,":[36],"create":[38],"an":[39,93,183,227],"ensemble":[40,165,184],"it":[41],"is":[42,63,80,95,124],"necessary":[43],"determine":[45,179],"how":[46,180],"component":[48,205],"should":[50],"be":[51,189],"combined":[52],"generate":[54],"final":[56],"One":[58],"way":[59],"do":[61],"this":[62,91,122,127],"search":[65,147],"different":[66],"combinations":[67],"with":[70,138],"evolutionary":[71,104,146],"algorithms,":[72],"which":[73,157],"largely":[75],"employed":[76],"when":[77],"objective":[79],"find":[82],"a":[83],"structure":[84],"that":[85,150],"serves":[86],"some":[88],"purpose.":[89],"In":[90],"work,":[92],"investigation":[94],"carried":[96],"about":[97],"ensembles":[101,142,195],"obtained":[102,144,209],"via":[103],"algorithm":[105],"identifying":[107],"individual":[108],"letters":[109],"tremulous":[111],"medieval":[112],"writing":[113],"differentiate":[116],"between":[117],"scribes.":[118],"The":[119,141,167,193,207],"aim":[120],"research":[123],"process":[128],"as":[129],"first":[131],"step":[132],"towards":[133],"classifying":[134],"tremor":[136],"type":[137],"more":[139],"accuracy.":[140],"through":[145],"trees":[149],"aggregate":[151],"output":[153],"base":[155,172],"classifiers,":[156],"neural":[159],"networks":[160],"trained":[161],"prior":[162],"search.":[166],"misclassification":[168,198],"analysed":[175],"much":[181],"those":[186,202],"can":[188],"than":[190],"its":[191],"components.":[192],"best":[194],"their":[197,204],"compared":[200],"results":[208],"suggest":[210],"interesting":[211],"methods":[212],"letter":[214],"(up":[215,222],"96%":[217],"accuracy)":[218,225],"user":[220],"88%":[224],"offline":[228],"scenario.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-31T08:31:51.225901","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
