{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1690909331","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12064-020-00313-7","title":"The information theory of individuality","display_name":"The information theory of individuality","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-03-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1690909331","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12064-020-00313-7","mag":"1690909331","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32212028"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12064-020-00313-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12064-020-00313-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12064-020-00313-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S12148721","display_name":"Theory in Biosciences","issn_l":"1431-7613","issn":["1431-7613","1611-7530"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Theory in Biosciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12064-020-00313-7.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035224908","display_name":"David C. Krakauer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0827-6525"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1308548392","display_name":"Santa Fe Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01arysc35","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308548392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David Krakauer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, USA. krakauer@santafe.edu"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, USA. krakauer@santafe.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1308548392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017316523","display_name":"Nils Bertschinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6699-9596"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801628138","display_name":"Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/05vmv8m79","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801628138"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nils Bertschinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt am Main, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt am Main, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801628138"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074755166","display_name":"Eckehard Olbrich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3987-1271"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091327","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00ez2he07","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210091327"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119712","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Mathematics","ror":"https://ror.org/02dh8ja68","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210119712"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eckehard Olbrich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Leipzig, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Leipzig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119712","https://openalex.org/I4210091327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025324825","display_name":"Jessica C. Flack","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6808-9695"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1308548392","display_name":"Santa Fe Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01arysc35","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308548392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jessica C. Flack","raw_affiliation_strings":["Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1308548392"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065926474","display_name":"Nihat Ay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8527-2579"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1308548392","display_name":"Santa Fe Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01arysc35","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308548392"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091327","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00ez2he07","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210091327"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119712","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Mathematics","ror":"https://ror.org/02dh8ja68","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210119712"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nihat Ay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Leipzig, Germany","Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Leipzig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119712","https://openalex.org/I4210091327"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1308548392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035224908"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1308548392"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":0.8155,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78169213,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"139","issue":"2","first_page":"209","last_page":"223"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12814","display_name":"Gaussian Processes and Bayesian Inference","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12814","display_name":"Gaussian Processes and Bayesian Inference","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14394","display_name":"Cognitive Science and Education Research","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9682000279426575,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spurious-relationship","display_name":"Spurious relationship","score":0.8418668508529663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6495124101638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.6427426338195801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5761081576347351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.5450891852378845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounded-function","display_name":"Bounded function","score":0.5228683948516846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/replication","display_name":"Replication (statistics)","score":0.5025622844696045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-theory","display_name":"Information theory","score":0.4232177734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extension","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","score":0.41574758291244507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.3759532570838928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3556833267211914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23900920152664185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.21050211787223816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.1567094922065735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.0905447006225586}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.8418668508529663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6495124101638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6427426338195801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5761081576347351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.5450891852378845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34388435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267362","display_name":"Bounded function","level":2,"score":0.5228683948516846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12590798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3933199","display_name":"Replication (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5025622844696045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131222","display_name":"Information theory","level":2,"score":0.4232177734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778029271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421931","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","level":2,"score":0.41574758291244507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.3759532570838928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3556833267211914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23900920152664185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.21050211787223816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.1567094922065735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0905447006225586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001519","descriptor_name":"Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001519","descriptor_name":"Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001519","descriptor_name":"Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001519","descriptor_name":"Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007206","descriptor_name":"Individuality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007206","descriptor_name":"Individuality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007206","descriptor_name":"Individuality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007206","descriptor_name":"Individuality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007257","descriptor_name":"Information Theory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007257","descriptor_name":"Information Theory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007257","descriptor_name":"Information Theory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007257","descriptor_name":"Information Theory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010641","descriptor_name":"Phenotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010641","descriptor_name":"Phenotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010641","descriptor_name":"Phenotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010641","descriptor_name":"Phenotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013269","descriptor_name":"Stochastic Processes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013269","descriptor_name":"Stochastic Processes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013269","descriptor_name":"Stochastic Processes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013269","descriptor_name":"Stochastic Processes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035501","descriptor_name":"Uncertainty","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035501","descriptor_name":"Uncertainty","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035501","descriptor_name":"Uncertainty","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035501","descriptor_name":"Uncertainty","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12064-020-00313-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12064-020-00313-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12064-020-00313-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S12148721","display_name":"Theory in Biosciences","issn_l":"1431-7613","issn":["1431-7613","1611-7530"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Theory in Biosciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32212028","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32212028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Theory in biosciences = Theorie in den Biowissenschaften","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1412.2447","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1412.2447","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1412.2447","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:1690909331","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://export.arxiv.org/pdf/1412.2447","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:null:11420/10193","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11420/10193","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401751","display_name":"tub.dok (Hamburg University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I884043246","host_organization_name":"Hamburg University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I884043246"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7244620","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7244620","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Theory Biosci","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1412.2447","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1412.2447","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.15480/882.3755","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.15480/882.3755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052987","display_name":"TUHH Open Research","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12064-020-00313-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12064-020-00313-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12064-020-00313-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S12148721","display_name":"Theory in Biosciences","issn_l":"1431-7613","issn":["1431-7613","1611-7530"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Theory in Biosciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1235534190","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-13-1-0340","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306193","funder_display_name":"John Templeton Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2446362236","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-13-1-0340","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312777","funder_display_name":"Santa Fe Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2747436919","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-13-1-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5039708030","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13337","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306193","funder_display_name":"John Templeton Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5948536948","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-13-1-0340","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6274897657","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-13","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7452299184","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8354222944","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-13-1-0340","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333591","funder_display_name":"Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8998121839","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"911NF","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306193","display_name":"John Templeton Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/035tnyy05"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312777","display_name":"Santa Fe Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01arysc35"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333591","display_name":"Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","display_name":"Army Research Office","ror":"https://ror.org/05epdh915"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1690909331.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1690909331.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W68403810","https://openalex.org/W643169881","https://openalex.org/W1522605300","https://openalex.org/W1604914064","https://openalex.org/W1932088538","https://openalex.org/W1933178270","https://openalex.org/W1969617450","https://openalex.org/W1981685486","https://openalex.org/W1982612829","https://openalex.org/W1988401808","https://openalex.org/W2009625348","https://openalex.org/W2018259456","https://openalex.org/W2028661347","https://openalex.org/W2034143604","https://openalex.org/W2037667080","https://openalex.org/W2054162326","https://openalex.org/W2066507152","https://openalex.org/W2081988641","https://openalex.org/W2082731642","https://openalex.org/W2096918025","https://openalex.org/W2098069022","https://openalex.org/W2099111195","https://openalex.org/W2109402726","https://openalex.org/W2162676140","https://openalex.org/W2401468382","https://openalex.org/W2416738288","https://openalex.org/W2493894436","https://openalex.org/W2503965164","https://openalex.org/W2754844655","https://openalex.org/W2768666398","https://openalex.org/W2770729508","https://openalex.org/W2801150515","https://openalex.org/W2897379694","https://openalex.org/W2901002004","https://openalex.org/W4248785858","https://openalex.org/W4249939892","https://openalex.org/W4250424446","https://openalex.org/W6601871051","https://openalex.org/W6604924771"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3099529991","https://openalex.org/W1969469858","https://openalex.org/W1975515579","https://openalex.org/W2753865463","https://openalex.org/W2060841334","https://openalex.org/W1916207017","https://openalex.org/W3093303973","https://openalex.org/W2970350994","https://openalex.org/W1577096938","https://openalex.org/W2115666280","https://openalex.org/W2806262963","https://openalex.org/W3160402432","https://openalex.org/W1963556727","https://openalex.org/W2894783612","https://openalex.org/W192233002","https://openalex.org/W2596367496","https://openalex.org/W85548010","https://openalex.org/W2228368476","https://openalex.org/W2210710558","https://openalex.org/W2137148641"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"the":[1,80,113,119,174,195,204],"near":[2],"universal":[3],"assumption":[4],"of":[5,36,67,76,82,93,112,121,170,176,181,198,206],"individuality":[6,171],"in":[7,79,128,211],"biology,":[8],"there":[9],"is":[10,115],"little":[11],"agreement":[12],"about":[13,194],"what":[14],"individuals":[15,29,123,151,177],"are":[16,30,131],"and":[17,55,64,72,85,135,187,201],"few":[18],"rigorous":[19],"quantitative":[20],"methods":[21],"for":[22,173,191,203],"their":[23,43,46],"identification.":[24],"Here,":[25],"we":[26],"propose":[27],"that":[28,32,116,130],"aggregates":[31],"preserve":[33],"a":[34,70,73,95,189,199],"measure":[35],"temporal":[37],"integrity,":[38],"i.e.,":[39],"\"propagate\"":[40],"information":[41,53,168],"from":[42,183],"past":[44],"into":[45],"futures.":[47],"We":[48],"formalize":[49],"this":[50],"idea":[51],"using":[52,106],"theory":[54,169],"graphical":[56],"models.":[57],"This":[58,88],"mathematical":[59],"formulation":[60],"yields":[61],"three":[62],"principled":[63],"distinct":[65],"forms":[66],"individuality-an":[68],"organismal,":[69],"colonial,":[71],"driven":[74],"form-each":[75],"which":[77],"varies":[78],"degree":[81],"environmental":[83],"dependence":[84],"inherited":[86],"information.":[87],"approach":[89,97,114],"can":[90],"be":[91,153],"thought":[92],"as":[94,143],"Gestalt":[96],"to":[98,124,155,159,185],"evolution":[99],"where":[100],"selection":[101,156],"makes":[102],"figure-ground":[103],"(agent-environment)":[104],"distinctions":[105],"suitable":[107,164],"information-theoretic":[108],"lenses.":[109],"A":[110],"benefit":[111],"it":[117],"expands":[118],"scope":[120],"allowable":[122],"include":[125],"adaptive":[126,212],"aggregations":[127],"systems":[129],"multi-scale,":[132],"highly":[133],"distributed,":[134],"do":[136],"not":[137],"necessarily":[138],"have":[139],"physical":[140],"boundaries":[141],"such":[142],"cell":[144],"walls":[145],"or":[146],"clonal":[147],"somatic":[148],"tissue.":[149],"Such":[150],"might":[152],"visible":[154],"but":[157],"hard":[158],"detect":[160],"by":[161],"observers":[162],"without":[163],"measurement":[165],"principles.":[166],"The":[167],"allows":[172],"identification":[175],"at":[178],"all":[179],"levels":[180],"organization":[182],"molecular":[184],"cultural":[186],"provides":[188],"basis":[190],"testing":[192],"assumptions":[193],"natural":[196],"scales":[197],"system":[200],"argues":[202],"importance":[205],"uncertainty":[207],"reduction":[208],"through":[209],"coarse-graining":[210],"systems.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
