{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2011913821","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12064-002-0020-9","title":"Leibnizian organisms, nested individuals, and units of selection","display_name":"Leibnizian organisms, nested individuals, and units of selection","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2011913821","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12064-002-0020-9","mag":"2011913821"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12064-002-0020-9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12064-002-0020-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S12148721","display_name":"Theory in Biosciences","issn_l":"1431-7613","issn":["1431-7613","1611-7530"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Theory in Biosciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049541416","display_name":"Ohad Nachtomy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5973-9219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68147069","display_name":"Tel Hai Academic College","ror":"https://ror.org/009st3569","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68147069"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13955877","display_name":"Bar-Ilan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kgsv495","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ohad Nachtomy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tel-Hai Academic College and Bar Ilan University, Tel-Aviv, Israel"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tel-Hai Academic College and Bar Ilan University, Tel-Aviv, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68147069","https://openalex.org/I13955877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003068799","display_name":"Ayelet Shavit","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4683-0857"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197251160","display_name":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem","ror":"https://ror.org/03qxff017","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197251160"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68147069","display_name":"Tel Hai Academic College","ror":"https://ror.org/009st3569","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68147069"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayelet Shavit","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tel-Hai Academic College and The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tel-Hai Academic College and The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68147069","https://openalex.org/I197251160"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114249159","display_name":"Justin E. H. Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7505-3287"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83328450","display_name":"Miami University","ror":"https://ror.org/05nbqxr67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83328450"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Justin Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Philosophy, Miami University, 45056, Oxford, Ohio, USA","Dept. of Philosophy, Miami University, Oxford, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Philosophy, Miami University, 45056, Oxford, Ohio, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83328450"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Philosophy, Miami University, Oxford, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83328450"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049541416"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13955877","https://openalex.org/I68147069"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0703,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90629397,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"121","issue":"2","first_page":"205","last_page":"230"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11252","display_name":"Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.9821000099182129,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy-of-biology","display_name":"Philosophy of biology","score":0.818407416343689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaphysics","display_name":"Metaphysics","score":0.6879451274871826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.6398853063583374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.6142127513885498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pluralism","display_name":"Pluralism (philosophy)","score":0.5212351083755493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.5048275589942932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.44669270515441895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.33101099729537964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.21483856439590454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.21230092644691467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-biology","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","score":0.19193458557128906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy-of-science","display_name":"Philosophy of science","score":0.18620774149894714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.15399613976478577}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180182882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1028964","display_name":"Philosophy of biology","level":3,"score":0.818407416343689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182744844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35277","display_name":"Metaphysics","level":2,"score":0.6879451274871826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.6398853063583374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.6142127513885498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49831778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q879021","display_name":"Pluralism (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5212351083755493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5048275589942932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.44669270515441895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33101099729537964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.21483856439590454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.21230092644691467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.19193458557128906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110099512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59115","display_name":"Philosophy of science","level":2,"score":0.18620774149894714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.15399613976478577}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12064-002-0020-9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12064-002-0020-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S12148721","display_name":"Theory in Biosciences","issn_l":"1431-7613","issn":["1431-7613","1611-7530"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Theory in Biosciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334763","display_name":"Leibniz-Gemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/01n6r0e97"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W587271326","https://openalex.org/W603012598","https://openalex.org/W610245162","https://openalex.org/W621665963","https://openalex.org/W636388624","https://openalex.org/W1481747966","https://openalex.org/W1494389183","https://openalex.org/W1494982504","https://openalex.org/W1524901761","https://openalex.org/W1537772531","https://openalex.org/W1541780330","https://openalex.org/W1541831804","https://openalex.org/W1545072498","https://openalex.org/W1547955769","https://openalex.org/W1579578542","https://openalex.org/W1602348505","https://openalex.org/W1604521274","https://openalex.org/W1765868291","https://openalex.org/W1773349619","https://openalex.org/W1790776973","https://openalex.org/W1963747654","https://openalex.org/W1967314158","https://openalex.org/W1978080511","https://openalex.org/W1979240903","https://openalex.org/W1984721570","https://openalex.org/W1988503266","https://openalex.org/W1996188690","https://openalex.org/W1999813617","https://openalex.org/W2009625348","https://openalex.org/W2016382278","https://openalex.org/W2020289104","https://openalex.org/W2023553163","https://openalex.org/W2026332300","https://openalex.org/W2026974584","https://openalex.org/W2029430253","https://openalex.org/W2032405357","https://openalex.org/W2035791902","https://openalex.org/W2040673811","https://openalex.org/W2043557854","https://openalex.org/W2056843145","https://openalex.org/W2091199874","https://openalex.org/W2105895784","https://openalex.org/W2125492167","https://openalex.org/W2125793164","https://openalex.org/W2133305515","https://openalex.org/W2141780283","https://openalex.org/W2164225060","https://openalex.org/W2251026370","https://openalex.org/W2312743798","https://openalex.org/W2315657171","https://openalex.org/W2325470117","https://openalex.org/W2329953224","https://openalex.org/W2335033365","https://openalex.org/W2531913172","https://openalex.org/W2624262714","https://openalex.org/W2798374369","https://openalex.org/W2896473329","https://openalex.org/W2901781195","https://openalex.org/W3000376485","https://openalex.org/W4246439308","https://openalex.org/W4251987177","https://openalex.org/W4255616225","https://openalex.org/W4298339112","https://openalex.org/W4300873793","https://openalex.org/W4301007914","https://openalex.org/W4301465202","https://openalex.org/W4375820594","https://openalex.org/W6725380495"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2584133136","https://openalex.org/W2336452242","https://openalex.org/W2525290586","https://openalex.org/W4234846867","https://openalex.org/W108455167","https://openalex.org/W3178966338","https://openalex.org/W2365633266","https://openalex.org/W2052008182","https://openalex.org/W3021134003","https://openalex.org/W2970076102"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}