{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404120778","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12021-024-09694-2","title":"Anatomic Interpretability in Neuroimage Deep Learning: Saliency Approaches for Typical Aging and Traumatic Brain Injury","display_name":"Anatomic Interpretability in Neuroimage Deep Learning: Saliency Approaches for Typical Aging and Traumatic Brain Injury","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404120778","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12021-024-09694-2","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39503843"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12021-024-09694-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12021-024-09694-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12021-024-09694-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3444786","display_name":"Neuroinformatics","issn_l":"1539-2791","issn":["1539-2791","1559-0089"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neuroinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12021-024-09694-2.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050556910","display_name":"Kevin Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin H. Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA","Thomas Lord Department of Computer Science, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thomas Lord Department of Computer Science, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014441526","display_name":"Nikhil N. Chaudhari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3048-6710"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikhil N. Chaudhari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Corwin D. Denney Research Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA","Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Corwin D. Denney Research Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086969950","display_name":"Tamara Jafar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4763-3409"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tamara Jafar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA","Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004732266","display_name":"Nahian F. Chowdhury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3535-7280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nahian F. Chowdhury","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA","Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105925385","display_name":"Paul Bogdan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2118-0816"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Bogdan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059896728","display_name":"Andrei Irimia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9254-9388"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrei Irimia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Healthy Brain Aging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 de Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK. irimia@usc.edu","Corwin D. Denney Research Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA. irimia@usc.edu","Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, Dornsife College of Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA. irimia@usc.edu","Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA. irimia@usc.edu","Corwin D. Denney Research Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Healthy Brain Aging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 de Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK. irimia@usc.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Corwin D. Denney Research Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA. irimia@usc.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, Dornsife College of Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA. irimia@usc.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA. irimia@usc.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Corwin D. Denney Research Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"for the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"for the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059896728"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212","https://openalex.org/I183935753"],"apc_list":{"value":4190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4190},"apc_paid":{"value":4190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4190},"fwci":4.2828,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9485246,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"4","first_page":"591","last_page":"606"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9761000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.97079998254776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.8250260353088379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6544331312179565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroimaging","display_name":"Neuroimaging","score":0.5673978328704834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.46052441000938416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4506089389324188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.3692973256111145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.345083087682724}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.8250260353088379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6544331312179565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58693492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q551875","display_name":"Neuroimaging","level":2,"score":0.5673978328704834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.46052441000938416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4506089389324188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.3692973256111145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.345083087682724}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000070642","descriptor_name":"Brain Injuries, Traumatic","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000070642","descriptor_name":"Brain Injuries, Traumatic","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000070642","descriptor_name":"Brain Injuries, Traumatic","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000070642","descriptor_name":"Brain Injuries, Traumatic","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000070642","descriptor_name":"Brain Injuries, Traumatic","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000070642","descriptor_name":"Brain Injuries, Traumatic","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000070642","descriptor_name":"Brain Injuries, Traumatic","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000070642","descriptor_name":"Brain Injuries, Traumatic","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000070642","descriptor_name":"Brain Injuries, Traumatic","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000070642","descriptor_name":"Brain Injuries, Traumatic","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000375","descriptor_name":"Aging","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000375","descriptor_name":"Aging","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000375","descriptor_name":"Aging","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000375","descriptor_name":"Aging","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000375","descriptor_name":"Aging","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000375","descriptor_name":"Aging","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000375","descriptor_name":"Aging","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000375","descriptor_name":"Aging","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000375","descriptor_name":"Aging","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000375","descriptor_name":"Aging","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059906","descriptor_name":"Neuroimaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059906","descriptor_name":"Neuroimaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059906","descriptor_name":"Neuroimaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059906","descriptor_name":"Neuroimaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059906","descriptor_name":"Neuroimaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12021-024-09694-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12021-024-09694-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12021-024-09694-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3444786","display_name":"Neuroinformatics","issn_l":"1539-2791","issn":["1539-2791","1559-0089"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neuroinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39503843","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39503843","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neuroinformatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11579113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11579113","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11579113/pdf/12021_2024_Article_9694.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Neuroinformatics","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12021-024-09694-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12021-024-09694-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12021-024-09694-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3444786","display_name":"Neuroinformatics","issn_l":"1539-2791","issn":["1539-2791","1559-0089"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neuroinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1024368718","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30 AG072976","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1048051091","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30 AG066506","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1069732457","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30 AG072975","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G117713310","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30-AG062715","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G120189231","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30\u2010AG066468","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1269895679","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30AG062677","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1282594739","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30-AG066507","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1458362881","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30\u2010AG066519","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1593128567","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30-AG066530","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1753564228","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30AG072977","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1827328465","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30 AG072931","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1859882300","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30-AG062421","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2129746042","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30AG062429","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2190936067","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U24AG072122","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2234397790","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30AG072958","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2434699210","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30AG066508\u00d0","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G253265979","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30-AG072978","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2622865600","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30AG072959","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2675915175","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30 AG 072972","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2733177372","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P20 AG068024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2742075923","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30\u2010AG072946","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2751862125","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P20 AG068053","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2762796038","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30AG066444","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G284196960","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30 AG072973","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2959551849","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01 AG 079957","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G343469054","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30AG066546","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G348743638","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30 AG066518","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3703765782","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30AG066462","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3952091757","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30 AG066512","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G415047313","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P20\u2010AG068082","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4160228958","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"100973","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4186766937","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30 AG072947","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4365835104","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30AG066509","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G450720171","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30-AG066511","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4530556769","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01 AG079280","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4846637803","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01NS100973","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G504619356","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30-AG-072979","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5640525220","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30AG066514","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5887580590","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30 AG066515","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G616721837","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P20 AG068077","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G702040579","display_name":"Effects of blood-brain barrier disruption upon white matter connectivity subsequent to traumatic brain injury","funder_award_id":"5r01ns100973-05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G816726602","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30 AG062422","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G934834531","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RF1AG082201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308668","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","display_name":"National Institute on Aging","ror":"https://ror.org/049v75w11"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","ror":"https://ror.org/01s5ya894"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404120778.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":78,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1492124152","https://openalex.org/W1976714975","https://openalex.org/W1997206749","https://openalex.org/W2001199794","https://openalex.org/W2001953395","https://openalex.org/W2005998301","https://openalex.org/W2015356290","https://openalex.org/W2019452012","https://openalex.org/W2027031663","https://openalex.org/W2033713584","https://openalex.org/W2035079822","https://openalex.org/W2044367669","https://openalex.org/W2050963062","https://openalex.org/W2058027980","https://openalex.org/W2092098886","https://openalex.org/W2098018870","https://openalex.org/W2129277474","https://openalex.org/W2137229374","https://openalex.org/W2143635299","https://openalex.org/W2155038264","https://openalex.org/W2165050788","https://openalex.org/W2168845544","https://openalex.org/W2346578521","https://openalex.org/W2404212447","https://openalex.org/W2594633041","https://openalex.org/W2607804943","https://openalex.org/W2612016156","https://openalex.org/W2616247523","https://openalex.org/W2616807896","https://openalex.org/W2618851150","https://openalex.org/W2793352066","https://openalex.org/W2806974828","https://openalex.org/W2810908760","https://openalex.org/W2884775172","https://openalex.org/W2913240367","https://openalex.org/W2928955081","https://openalex.org/W2944218525","https://openalex.org/W2962851944","https://openalex.org/W2963382180","https://openalex.org/W2972047274","https://openalex.org/W2972368830","https://openalex.org/W2977685912","https://openalex.org/W2984423913","https://openalex.org/W2993219936","https://openalex.org/W3017066732","https://openalex.org/W3085380432","https://openalex.org/W3092783643","https://openalex.org/W3102564565","https://openalex.org/W3128677789","https://openalex.org/W3136000444","https://openalex.org/W3167054736","https://openalex.org/W3167900828","https://openalex.org/W3171750113","https://openalex.org/W3177715266","https://openalex.org/W3187710486","https://openalex.org/W3201437744","https://openalex.org/W3201680702","https://openalex.org/W3210163757","https://openalex.org/W4200276416","https://openalex.org/W4241074797","https://openalex.org/W4253258602","https://openalex.org/W4283394328","https://openalex.org/W4283835272","https://openalex.org/W4289176763","https://openalex.org/W4293196415","https://openalex.org/W4299458345","https://openalex.org/W4313528065","https://openalex.org/W4319066446","https://openalex.org/W4323348901","https://openalex.org/W4383710296","https://openalex.org/W4385404865","https://openalex.org/W4385979813","https://openalex.org/W4390665001","https://openalex.org/W4391531220","https://openalex.org/W4392807393","https://openalex.org/W4399671717","https://openalex.org/W6679147422","https://openalex.org/W7073564165"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2905433371","https://openalex.org/W2888392564","https://openalex.org/W4310278675","https://openalex.org/W4388422664","https://openalex.org/W4390569940","https://openalex.org/W4361193272","https://openalex.org/W2963326959","https://openalex.org/W4388685194","https://openalex.org/W2033914206","https://openalex.org/W2042327336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1],"black":[2],"box":[3],"nature":[4],"of":[5,31,97,140,201,236],"deep":[6],"neural":[7],"networks":[8],"(DNNs)":[9],"makes":[10],"researchers":[11],"and":[12,83,143,189,216,249],"clinicians":[13],"hesitant":[14],"to":[15,43,47,87,94,135,146,177,239],"rely":[16],"on":[17],"their":[18],"findings.":[19],"Saliency":[20,209],"maps":[21,103],"can":[22],"enhance":[23],"DNN":[24,79,241],"explainability":[25],"by":[26,165],"suggesting":[27],"the":[28,95,166,225,233],"anatomic":[29,98,138,152,180],"localization":[30],"relevant":[32,179],"brain":[33,52,112,141],"features.":[34,181],"This":[35],"study":[36,91],"compares":[37],"seven":[38],"popular":[39],"attribution-based":[40],"saliency":[41,84,92,102,132,153,223,237],"approaches":[42],"assign":[44],"neuroanatomic":[45,199],"interpretability":[46],"DNNs":[48],"that":[49],"estimate":[50,88],"biological":[51],"age":[53],"(BA)":[54],"from":[55,100],"magnetic":[56],"resonance":[57],"imaging":[58],"(MRI).":[59],"Cognitively":[60],"normal":[61],"(CN)":[62],"adults":[63,108],"(":[64],"N":[65],"=":[66,120],"13,394,":[67],"5,900":[68],"males;":[69,123],"mean":[70,124],"age:":[71,125],"65.82":[72],"\u00b1":[73,127],"8.89":[74],"years)":[75],"are":[76,104,161],"included":[77],"for":[78,107],"training,":[80],"testing,":[81],"validation,":[82],"map":[85],"generation":[86],"BA.":[89],"To":[90],"robustness":[93],"presence":[96],"deviations":[99],"normality,":[101],"also":[105],"generated":[106],"with":[109],"mild":[110],"traumatic":[111],"injury":[113],"(mTBI,":[114],"$$N$$":[115],"<mml:math":[116],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">":[117],"<mml:mi>N</mml:mi>":[118],"</mml:math>":[119],"214,":[121],"135":[122],"55.3":[126],"9.9":[128],"years).":[129],"We":[130],"assess":[131],"methods\u2019":[133],"capacities":[134],"capture":[136],"known":[137,155],"features":[139,160,200],"aging":[142,159,202,248],"compare":[144],"them":[145],"a":[147,156],"surrogate":[148],"ground":[149],"truth":[150],"whose":[151],"is":[154,228],"priori.":[157],"Anatomic":[158],"identified":[162],"most":[163],"reliably":[164],"integrated":[167],"gradients":[168],"method,":[169],"which":[170,227],"outperforms":[171],"all":[172],"others":[173],"through":[174],"its":[175],"ability":[176],"localize":[178,222],"Gradient":[182],"Shapley":[183],"additive":[184],"explanations,":[185],"input":[186],"\u00d7":[187],"gradient,":[188],"masked":[190],"gradient":[191,212],"perform":[192],"less":[193],"consistently":[194],"but":[195],"still":[196],"highlight":[197],"ubiquitous":[198],"(ventricle":[203],"dilation,":[204],"hippocampal":[205],"atrophy,":[206],"sulcal":[207],"widening).":[208],"methods":[210,238],"involving":[211],"saliency,":[213],"guided":[214,217],"backpropagation,":[215],"gradient-weight":[218],"class":[219],"attribution":[220],"mapping":[221],"outside":[224],"brain,":[226],"undesirable.":[229],"Our":[230],"research":[231],"suggests":[232],"relative":[234],"tradeoffs":[235],"interpret":[240],"findings":[242],"during":[243],"BA":[244],"estimation":[245],"in":[246],"typical":[247],"after":[250],"mTBI.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-06T08:24:18.245995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
