{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416186782","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-025-00560-1","title":"Responsibility Gaps, LLMs &amp; Organisations: Many Agents, Many Levels, and Many Interactions","display_name":"Responsibility Gaps, LLMs &amp; Organisations: Many Agents, Many Levels, and Many Interactions","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416186782","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-025-00560-1","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41231317"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11948-025-00560-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-025-00560-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11948-025-00560-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S14881475","display_name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","issn_l":"1353-3452","issn":["1353-3452","1471-5546"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11948-025-00560-1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000019169","display_name":"Mihaela Constantinescu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5519-8366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141595442","display_name":"University of Bucharest","ror":"https://ror.org/02x2v6p15","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141595442"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mihaela Constantinescu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center in Applied Ethics (CCEA), Faculty of Philosophy, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania. mihaela.constantinescu@filosofie.unibuc.ro","Research Center in Applied Ethics (CCEA), Faculty of Philosophy, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5519-8366","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center in Applied Ethics (CCEA), Faculty of Philosophy, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania. mihaela.constantinescu@filosofie.unibuc.ro","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141595442"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center in Applied Ethics (CCEA), Faculty of Philosophy, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141595442"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010306756","display_name":"Muel Kaptein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5066-306X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I913958620","display_name":"Erasmus University Rotterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/057w15z03","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913958620"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muel Kaptein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I913958620"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000019169"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141595442"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":5.6329,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96211515,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"6","first_page":"36","last_page":"36"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.4426000118255615,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.4426000118255615,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14350","display_name":"Innovation, Sustainability, Human-Machine Systems","score":0.08879999816417694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.07490000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normative","display_name":"Normative","score":0.7134000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-responsibility","display_name":"Moral responsibility","score":0.5529999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-responsibility","display_name":"Social responsibility","score":0.5077999830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reductionism","display_name":"Reductionism","score":0.49149999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.46540001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-social-responsibility","display_name":"Corporate social responsibility","score":0.4586000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/safeguarding","display_name":"Safeguarding","score":0.4431999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.4361000061035156}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44725695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156","display_name":"Normative","level":2,"score":0.7134000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111476811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5190255","display_name":"Moral responsibility","level":2,"score":0.5529999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147598955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3427818","display_name":"Social responsibility","level":2,"score":0.5077999830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173366509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206829","display_name":"Reductionism","level":2,"score":0.49149999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.46540001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141261163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218600","display_name":"Corporate social responsibility","level":2,"score":0.4586000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776743756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5097921","display_name":"Safeguarding","level":2,"score":0.4431999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4361000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51351910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1046415","display_name":"Collective responsibility","level":2,"score":0.40540000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143299363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900584","display_name":"Attribution","level":2,"score":0.40290001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.37209999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.37130001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110099512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59115","display_name":"Philosophy of science","level":2,"score":0.36500000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3537999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.3483999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3465999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778042224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163552","display_name":"State responsibility","level":3,"score":0.33390000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119232533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q873451","display_name":"Business ethics","level":2,"score":0.3215000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3122999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3084999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.3084000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95124753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875686","display_name":"Environmental ethics","level":1,"score":0.2766000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199728807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557","display_name":"Equity (law)","level":2,"score":0.25209999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115086926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17004651","display_name":"Causal reasoning","level":3,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11948-025-00560-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-025-00560-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11948-025-00560-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S14881475","display_name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","issn_l":"1353-3452","issn":["1353-3452","1471-5546"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41231317","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41231317","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science and engineering ethics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11423804","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12615531","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12615531/pdf/11948_2025_Article_560.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11948-025-00560-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-025-00560-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11948-025-00560-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S14881475","display_name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","issn_l":"1353-3452","issn":["1353-3452","1471-5546"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312330","display_name":"Slovensk\u00e1 Akad\u00e9mia Vied","ror":"https://ror.org/03h7qq074"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322649","display_name":"Universidad de Navarra","ror":"https://ror.org/02rxc7m23"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324335","display_name":"Universitatea din Bucure\u0219ti","ror":"https://ror.org/02x2v6p15"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416186782.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416186782.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W58010270","https://openalex.org/W1499739789","https://openalex.org/W2012457626","https://openalex.org/W2039649409","https://openalex.org/W2058575608","https://openalex.org/W2065956220","https://openalex.org/W2077026923","https://openalex.org/W2087710120","https://openalex.org/W2121491785","https://openalex.org/W2121874879","https://openalex.org/W2124329715","https://openalex.org/W2222594384","https://openalex.org/W2260197821","https://openalex.org/W2267690823","https://openalex.org/W2329167548","https://openalex.org/W2360974766","https://openalex.org/W2395480801","https://openalex.org/W2410786522","https://openalex.org/W2477774180","https://openalex.org/W2559384877","https://openalex.org/W2738218048","https://openalex.org/W2739225241","https://openalex.org/W2783507141","https://openalex.org/W2888649442","https://openalex.org/W2891212971","https://openalex.org/W2912096307","https://openalex.org/W2920815137","https://openalex.org/W2946798032","https://openalex.org/W2952317276","https://openalex.org/W2955897871","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2981646383","https://openalex.org/W2999909477","https://openalex.org/W3003195693","https://openalex.org/W3040902286","https://openalex.org/W3125760958","https://openalex.org/W3133702157","https://openalex.org/W3160005967","https://openalex.org/W3186800126","https://openalex.org/W3189192555","https://openalex.org/W3203032820","https://openalex.org/W3210886175","https://openalex.org/W4213224866","https://openalex.org/W4214946797","https://openalex.org/W4223649245","https://openalex.org/W4239565895","https://openalex.org/W4283170666","https://openalex.org/W4283801193","https://openalex.org/W4285386582","https://openalex.org/W4288489327","https://openalex.org/W4293038545","https://openalex.org/W4313656863","https://openalex.org/W4360620450","https://openalex.org/W4368362817","https://openalex.org/W4392110156","https://openalex.org/W4399361556","https://openalex.org/W4401142165","https://openalex.org/W4402601985","https://openalex.org/W4408420175"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,56],"this":[1,59],"article,":[2],"we":[3,61,138],"propose":[4],"a":[5,103,224],"business":[6,43],"ethics-inspired":[7],"approach":[8,95,158,221],"to":[9,58,122,132,152,155,177,180],"address":[10],"the":[11,30,36,47,63,77,114,133,148,156,234],"distribution":[12,99,235],"dimension":[13],"of":[14,33,39,49,80,85,91,105,113,118,135,150,166,174,193,198,217,236],"responsibility":[15,52,70,98,131,151,175,213,237],"gaps":[16,71,232],"introduced":[17],"by":[18,75],"general-purpose":[19],"AI":[20],"models,":[21],"particularly":[22],"large":[23],"language":[24],"models":[25],"(LLMs).":[26],"We":[27,186],"argue":[28,139],"that":[29,97,125,140],"pervasive":[31],"deployment":[32,74],"LLMs":[34],"exacerbates":[35],"long-standing":[37],"problem":[38],"\u201cmany":[40],"hands\u201d":[41],"in":[42,72,233],"ethics,":[44],"which":[45,68],"concerns":[46],"challenge":[48],"allocating":[50],"moral":[51],"for":[53,146,214,229,238],"collective":[54],"outcomes.":[55],"response":[57],"issue,":[60],"introduce":[62],"\u201cmany-agents-many-levels-many-interactions\u201d":[64],"approach,":[65],"labelled":[66],"M3,":[67],"addresses":[69],"LLM":[73,239],"considering":[76],"complex":[78],"web":[79],"interactions":[81,142],"among":[82],"diverse":[83],"types":[84],"agents":[86,161,207],"operating":[87],"across":[88,183],"multiple":[89],"levels":[90],"action.":[92],"The":[93,219],"M3":[94,157,220],"demonstrates":[96],"is":[100,159],"not":[101],"merely":[102],"function":[104],"agents\u2019":[106],"roles":[107],"or":[108],"causal":[109],"proximity,":[110],"but":[111],"primarily":[112],"range":[115],"and":[116,168,208,226],"depth":[117],"their":[119,178],"interactions.":[120],"Contrary":[121],"reductionist":[123],"views":[124],"suggest":[126],"such":[127,194],"complexity":[128],"inevitably":[129],"diffuses":[130],"point":[134],"its":[136],"disappearance,":[137],"these":[141],"provide":[143],"normative":[144,225],"grounds":[145],"safeguarding":[147],"attribution":[149],"agents.":[153,195],"Central":[154],"identifying":[160],"who":[162],"serve":[163],"as":[164,171,190],"nodes":[165,197],"interaction":[167],"therefore":[169],"emerge":[170],"key":[172],"loci":[173],"due":[176],"capacity":[179],"influence":[181,204],"others":[182],"different":[184],"levels.":[185],"position":[187],"LLM-developing":[188,200],"organisations":[189,201],"an":[191],"example":[192],"As":[196],"interactions,":[199],"exert":[202],"substantial":[203],"over":[205],"other":[206],"should":[209],"be":[210],"attributed":[211],"broader":[212],"harmful":[215],"outcomes":[216],"LLMs.":[218],"thus":[222],"offers":[223],"practical":[227],"tool":[228],"bridging":[230],"potential":[231],"deployment.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-10T08:33:47.465468","created_date":"2025-11-13T00:00:00"}
