{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2760062370","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-017-9975-2","title":"The Ugly Truth About Ourselves and Our Robot Creations: The Problem of Bias and Social Inequity","display_name":"The Ugly Truth About Ourselves and Our Robot Creations: The Problem of Bias and Social Inequity","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-09-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2760062370","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-017-9975-2","mag":"2760062370","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28936795"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11948-017-9975-2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-017-9975-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S14881475","display_name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","issn_l":"1353-3452","issn":["1353-3452","1471-5546"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038825611","display_name":"Ayanna Howard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2609-9371"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayanna Howard","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023539329","display_name":"Jason Borenstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1505-4349"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jason Borenstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, 685 Cherry Street, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0345, USA. borenstein@gatech.edu","School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, 685 Cherry Street, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0345, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1505-4349","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, 685 Cherry Street, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0345, USA. borenstein@gatech.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, 685 Cherry Street, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0345, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023539329"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":22.6354,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":339,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99523281,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"5","first_page":"1521","last_page":"1536"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12520","display_name":"Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment","score":0.984499990940094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9613999724388123,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affect","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","score":0.5933835506439209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.590754508972168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conversation","display_name":"Conversation","score":0.5726469159126282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.5680004954338074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racism","display_name":"Racism","score":0.5285455584526062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5219247341156006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49877262115478516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy-of-science","display_name":"Philosophy of science","score":0.494795024394989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implicit-bias","display_name":"Implicit bias","score":0.4334256649017334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.34844765067100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.3417626917362213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.33773553371429443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3362867832183838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3307715356349945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.31219202280044556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.25000545382499695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.20194169878959656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.18668439984321594}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5933835506439209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.590754508972168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777200299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52943","display_name":"Conversation","level":2,"score":0.5726469159126282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.5680004954338074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139838865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8461","display_name":"Racism","level":2,"score":0.5285455584526062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5219247341156006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49877262115478516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110099512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59115","display_name":"Philosophy of science","level":2,"score":0.494795024394989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991991027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6007314","display_name":"Implicit bias","level":2,"score":0.4334256649017334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.34844765067100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3417626917362213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.33773553371429443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3362867832183838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3307715356349945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.31219202280044556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.25000545382499695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.20194169878959656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.18668439984321594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001336","descriptor_name":"Automobiles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001336","descriptor_name":"Automobiles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001336","descriptor_name":"Automobiles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011287","descriptor_name":"Prejudice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011287","descriptor_name":"Prejudice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011287","descriptor_name":"Prejudice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012371","descriptor_name":"Robotics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012371","descriptor_name":"Robotics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012371","descriptor_name":"Robotics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012935","descriptor_name":"Social Justice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012935","descriptor_name":"Social Justice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012935","descriptor_name":"Social Justice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015982","descriptor_name":"Bias","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015982","descriptor_name":"Bias","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015982","descriptor_name":"Bias","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020811","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020811","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020811","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D063505","descriptor_name":"Racism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D063505","descriptor_name":"Racism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D063505","descriptor_name":"Racism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D063507","descriptor_name":"Sexism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D063507","descriptor_name":"Sexism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D063507","descriptor_name":"Sexism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D066264","descriptor_name":"Datasets as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D066264","descriptor_name":"Datasets as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D066264","descriptor_name":"Datasets as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11948-017-9975-2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-017-9975-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S14881475","display_name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","issn_l":"1353-3452","issn":["1353-3452","1471-5546"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:28936795","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28936795","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science and engineering ethics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W169052826","https://openalex.org/W1424293901","https://openalex.org/W1648303880","https://openalex.org/W1975348168","https://openalex.org/W2019332346","https://openalex.org/W2054192854","https://openalex.org/W2060824655","https://openalex.org/W2075382077","https://openalex.org/W2089521282","https://openalex.org/W2091924219","https://openalex.org/W2107859082","https://openalex.org/W2119857439","https://openalex.org/W2145172939","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2149252982","https://openalex.org/W2208824615","https://openalex.org/W2288413515","https://openalex.org/W2580263176","https://openalex.org/W2624807007","https://openalex.org/W2893425640","https://openalex.org/W3021864201","https://openalex.org/W3125541567","https://openalex.org/W3168683445","https://openalex.org/W6606879723","https://openalex.org/W6728551298","https://openalex.org/W6887541692","https://openalex.org/W7006550404"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968552888","https://openalex.org/W1527532029","https://openalex.org/W2374116601","https://openalex.org/W3093134843","https://openalex.org/W2378167147","https://openalex.org/W3210777354","https://openalex.org/W2772323916","https://openalex.org/W2281307425","https://openalex.org/W1511346092","https://openalex.org/W2464405057"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":64},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
