{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1995489213","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-013-9479-7","title":"Chemical and Biological Weapons in the \u2018New Wars\u2019","display_name":"Chemical and Biological Weapons in the \u2018New Wars\u2019","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-10-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1995489213","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-013-9479-7","mag":"1995489213","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24132385"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11948-013-9479-7","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-013-9479-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S14881475","display_name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","issn_l":"1353-3452","issn":["1353-3452","1471-5546"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Chemical_and_biological_weapons_in_the_new_wars_/23399168","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082813907","display_name":"Kai Ilchmann","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2699952","display_name":"Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Rio de Janeiro","ror":"https://ror.org/01dg47b60","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2699952"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kai Ilchmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of International Relations, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, kai.ilchmann@gmail.com","Institute of International Relations, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of International Relations, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, kai.ilchmann@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2699952"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of International Relations, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2699952"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090220418","display_name":"James Revill","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9835-2677"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162608824","display_name":"University of Sussex","ror":"https://ror.org/00ayhx656","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Revill","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard Sussex Program, Science and Technology Policy Research (SPRU), University of Sussex, Sussex, UK","University of Sussex ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Sussex Program, Science and Technology Policy Research (SPRU), University of Sussex, Sussex, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sussex ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082813907"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2699952"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.59,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67583636,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"3","first_page":"753","last_page":"767"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11515","display_name":"Bacillus and Francisella bacterial research","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11515","display_name":"Bacillus and Francisella bacterial research","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12232","display_name":"Yersinia bacterium, plague, ectoparasites research","score":0.9325000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taboo","display_name":"Taboo","score":0.6423349380493164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-warfare","display_name":"Biological warfare","score":0.6406716108322144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-ethics","display_name":"Environmental ethics","score":0.5294482707977295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normative","display_name":"Normative","score":0.5205891728401184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-warfare","display_name":"Chemical warfare","score":0.4908164441585541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.49063363671302795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convention","display_name":"Convention","score":0.4348578155040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.4328252673149109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.3511461615562439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.33448097109794617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history","display_name":"History","score":0.1338990032672882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.09525713324546814}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776323365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171180","display_name":"Taboo","level":2,"score":0.6423349380493164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59411770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242560","display_name":"Biological warfare","level":2,"score":0.6406716108322144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95124753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875686","display_name":"Environmental ethics","level":1,"score":0.5294482707977295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44725695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156","display_name":"Normative","level":2,"score":0.5205891728401184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101216236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483610","display_name":"Chemical warfare","level":2,"score":0.4908164441585541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.49063363671302795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780608745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367293","display_name":"Convention","level":2,"score":0.4348578155040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4328252673149109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3511461615562439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.33448097109794617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.1338990032672882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.09525713324546814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001694","descriptor_name":"Biological Warfare","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001694","descriptor_name":"Biological Warfare","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001694","descriptor_name":"Biological Warfare","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002618","descriptor_name":"Chemical Warfare","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002618","descriptor_name":"Chemical Warfare","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002618","descriptor_name":"Chemical Warfare","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002619","descriptor_name":"Chemical Warfare Agents","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002619","descriptor_name":"Chemical Warfare Agents","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002619","descriptor_name":"Chemical Warfare Agents","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007391","descriptor_name":"International Cooperation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007391","descriptor_name":"International Cooperation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007391","descriptor_name":"International Cooperation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009014","descriptor_name":"Morals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009014","descriptor_name":"Morals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009014","descriptor_name":"Morals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D023481","descriptor_name":"Terrorism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D023481","descriptor_name":"Terrorism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D023481","descriptor_name":"Terrorism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D054045","descriptor_name":"Biological Warfare Agents","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D054045","descriptor_name":"Biological Warfare Agents","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D054045","descriptor_name":"Biological Warfare Agents","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11948-013-9479-7","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-013-9479-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S14881475","display_name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","issn_l":"1353-3452","issn":["1353-3452","1471-5546"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:24132385","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24132385","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science and engineering ethics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/23399168","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Chemical_and_biological_weapons_in_the_new_wars_/23399168","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402621","display_name":"INDIGO (University of Illinois at Chicago)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","host_organization_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/23399168","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Chemical_and_biological_weapons_in_the_new_wars_/23399168","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402621","display_name":"INDIGO (University of Illinois at Chicago)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","host_organization_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W24355327","https://openalex.org/W44973141","https://openalex.org/W362386355","https://openalex.org/W424879345","https://openalex.org/W577152824","https://openalex.org/W588038386","https://openalex.org/W609015488","https://openalex.org/W612705415","https://openalex.org/W628370332","https://openalex.org/W629724101","https://openalex.org/W1521161382","https://openalex.org/W1542392935","https://openalex.org/W1575460073","https://openalex.org/W1604734588","https://openalex.org/W1606126908","https://openalex.org/W1829481363","https://openalex.org/W1974032994","https://openalex.org/W1991188736","https://openalex.org/W2035131146","https://openalex.org/W2050099490","https://openalex.org/W2071193712","https://openalex.org/W2098211945","https://openalex.org/W2100724407","https://openalex.org/W2131411305","https://openalex.org/W2138148027","https://openalex.org/W2144677027","https://openalex.org/W2147130861","https://openalex.org/W2164482078","https://openalex.org/W2214681976","https://openalex.org/W2226072668","https://openalex.org/W2289168830","https://openalex.org/W2290028464","https://openalex.org/W2333557770","https://openalex.org/W2483784193","https://openalex.org/W2487242448","https://openalex.org/W2529905072","https://openalex.org/W2555345069","https://openalex.org/W2586997336","https://openalex.org/W2809871115","https://openalex.org/W4244512960","https://openalex.org/W4250579032","https://openalex.org/W4387242950","https://openalex.org/W6673209958","https://openalex.org/W6702700603","https://openalex.org/W7043711464","https://openalex.org/W7045674025","https://openalex.org/W7047961385","https://openalex.org/W7053427614"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210414959","https://openalex.org/W118452879","https://openalex.org/W303511947","https://openalex.org/W88145521","https://openalex.org/W2085504328","https://openalex.org/W2318220294","https://openalex.org/W4297085868","https://openalex.org/W2084391182","https://openalex.org/W2095062848","https://openalex.org/W2076970462"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}