{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3192244782","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-012-9379-2","title":"Biological Indeterminacy","display_name":"Biological Indeterminacy","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-07-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3192244782","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-012-9379-2","mag":"3192244782","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22752704"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11948-012-9379-2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-012-9379-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S14881475","display_name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","issn_l":"1353-3452","issn":["1353-3452","1471-5546"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006656229","display_name":"Ralph J. Greenspan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6787-2845"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ralph J. Greenspan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. rgreenspan@ucsd.edu","Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. rgreenspan@ucsd.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006656229"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7137,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70296879,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"3","first_page":"447","last_page":"452"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13283","display_name":"Mental Health Research Topics","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reductionism","display_name":"Reductionism","score":0.8109362721443176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy-of-science","display_name":"Philosophy of science","score":0.7338995933532715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.6088425517082214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.5465734004974365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.5428668260574341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy-of-biology","display_name":"Philosophy of biology","score":0.5224206447601318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indeterminacy","display_name":"Indeterminacy (philosophy)","score":0.5153588652610779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.4662299156188965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teleology","display_name":"Teleology","score":0.4597932994365692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroethics","display_name":"Neuroethics","score":0.42734795808792114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.4073711633682251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.3914868235588074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-ethics","display_name":"Engineering ethics","score":0.3268645703792572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.29639387130737305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.25544053316116333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.15030056238174438}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173366509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206829","display_name":"Reductionism","level":2,"score":0.8109362721443176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110099512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59115","display_name":"Philosophy of science","level":2,"score":0.7338995933532715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.6088425517082214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5465734004974365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.5428668260574341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180182882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1028964","display_name":"Philosophy of biology","level":3,"score":0.5224206447601318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777366796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017758","display_name":"Indeterminacy (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5153588652610779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.4662299156188965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80038905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192121","display_name":"Teleology","level":2,"score":0.4597932994365692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188073675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186272","display_name":"Neuroethics","level":2,"score":0.42734795808792114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4073711633682251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.3914868235588074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.3268645703792572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.29639387130737305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.25544053316116333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.15030056238174438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005838","descriptor_name":"Genotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005838","descriptor_name":"Genotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005838","descriptor_name":"Genotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009014","descriptor_name":"Morals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009014","descriptor_name":"Morals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009014","descriptor_name":"Morals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009488","descriptor_name":"Neurosciences","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009488","descriptor_name":"Neurosciences","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009488","descriptor_name":"Neurosciences","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011603","descriptor_name":"Psychophysiology","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011603","descriptor_name":"Psychophysiology","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011603","descriptor_name":"Psychophysiology","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012919","descriptor_name":"Social Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012919","descriptor_name":"Social Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012919","descriptor_name":"Social Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059906","descriptor_name":"Neuroimaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059906","descriptor_name":"Neuroimaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059906","descriptor_name":"Neuroimaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11948-012-9379-2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-012-9379-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S14881475","display_name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","issn_l":"1353-3452","issn":["1353-3452","1471-5546"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:22752704","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22752704","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science and engineering ethics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W984087531","https://openalex.org/W1621369212","https://openalex.org/W1911278511","https://openalex.org/W1966982246","https://openalex.org/W1970695058","https://openalex.org/W1975931018","https://openalex.org/W1988976602","https://openalex.org/W1994776803","https://openalex.org/W2064272958","https://openalex.org/W2066261007","https://openalex.org/W2083423084","https://openalex.org/W2084559690","https://openalex.org/W2091174247","https://openalex.org/W2098312626","https://openalex.org/W2108101655","https://openalex.org/W2114958179","https://openalex.org/W2133735566","https://openalex.org/W2140174901","https://openalex.org/W2164220333","https://openalex.org/W2309313005","https://openalex.org/W3214669750","https://openalex.org/W4255978329","https://openalex.org/W6671503652","https://openalex.org/W6679369778","https://openalex.org/W6698510957","https://openalex.org/W6817562711","https://openalex.org/W6831084769"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4317569360","https://openalex.org/W4387002879","https://openalex.org/W2085065649","https://openalex.org/W4365510948","https://openalex.org/W2048365923","https://openalex.org/W2084627101","https://openalex.org/W1987816703","https://openalex.org/W1529216775","https://openalex.org/W37024869","https://openalex.org/W2048705845"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-01-13T01:12:25.745995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}