{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2101987219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-008-9104-3","title":"What is \u201cDual Use\u201d Research? A Response to Miller and Selgelid","display_name":"What is \u201cDual Use\u201d Research? A Response to Miller and Selgelid","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-11-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2101987219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-008-9104-3","mag":"2101987219","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19005779"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11948-008-9104-3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-008-9104-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S14881475","display_name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","issn_l":"1353-3452","issn":["1353-3452","1471-5546"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"letter","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3954612","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061129814","display_name":"David B. Resnik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5139-9555"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095140","display_name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00j4k1h63","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210095140"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1309191912","display_name":"Research Triangle Park Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/03eqttr49","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1309191912"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090916","display_name":"Triangle","ror":"https://ror.org/00fhbr831","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090916"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David B Resnik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bioethicist, NIEHS/NIH, Research Triangle Park, Mail Drop NH 06, Box 12233, Greenville, NC, 27709, USA","Bioethicist, NIEHS/NIH, Research Triangle Park"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bioethicist, NIEHS/NIH, Research Triangle Park, Mail Drop NH 06, Box 12233, Greenville, NC, 27709, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095140","https://openalex.org/I4210090916"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bioethicist, NIEHS/NIH, Research Triangle Park","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1309191912"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061129814"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1309191912","https://openalex.org/I4210090916","https://openalex.org/I4210095140"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2766,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60905996,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"3","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11515","display_name":"Bacillus and Francisella bacterial research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11515","display_name":"Bacillus and Francisella bacterial research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12492","display_name":"Zoonotic diseases and public health","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10582","display_name":"Ethics in Clinical Research","score":0.9631999731063843,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/miller","display_name":"Miller","score":0.8836362361907959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy-of-science","display_name":"Philosophy of science","score":0.7811999320983887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dual","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","score":0.6480029225349426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.37710195779800415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.2740044593811035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.13620918989181519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.08275234699249268}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777496998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1536587","display_name":"Miller","level":2,"score":0.8836362361907959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110099512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59115","display_name":"Philosophy of science","level":2,"score":0.7811999320983887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780980858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","level":2,"score":0.6480029225349426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.37710195779800415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.2740044593811035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.13620918989181519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.08275234699249268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011640","descriptor_name":"Public Policy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011640","descriptor_name":"Public Policy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011640","descriptor_name":"Public Policy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011640","descriptor_name":"Public Policy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012637","descriptor_name":"Security Measures","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012637","descriptor_name":"Security Measures","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012637","descriptor_name":"Security Measures","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012637","descriptor_name":"Security Measures","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D023482","descriptor_name":"Bioterrorism","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D023482","descriptor_name":"Bioterrorism","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D023482","descriptor_name":"Bioterrorism","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D023482","descriptor_name":"Bioterrorism","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035843","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Research","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035843","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Research","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035843","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Research","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035843","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Research","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11948-008-9104-3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-008-9104-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S14881475","display_name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","issn_l":"1353-3452","issn":["1353-3452","1471-5546"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:19005779","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19005779","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science and engineering ethics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2935448","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3954612","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3954612","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3954612","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sci Eng Ethics","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/1029348","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10822/1029348","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"eweb:324081","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3954612","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3954612","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sci Eng Ethics","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W90118056","https://openalex.org/W1674081316","https://openalex.org/W2074129843","https://openalex.org/W2112824422","https://openalex.org/W4230600300","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2034767654","https://openalex.org/W2032206709","https://openalex.org/W2051984888","https://openalex.org/W2980123694","https://openalex.org/W2021732642","https://openalex.org/W2092708127","https://openalex.org/W1968439209","https://openalex.org/W2006563565","https://openalex.org/W2010751933","https://openalex.org/W3013226710"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
