{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7165895679","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11760-026-05501-4","title":"Detection of hidden persons in non-metallic cargo with passive THz imaging","display_name":"Detection of hidden persons in non-metallic cargo with passive THz imaging","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7165895679","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11760-026-05501-4"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11760-026-05501-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11760-026-05501-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11760-026-05501-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S156904493","display_name":"Signal Image and Video Processing","issn_l":"1863-1703","issn":["1863-1703","1863-1711"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Signal, Image and Video Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11760-026-05501-4.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101849973","display_name":"Marcin Kowalski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1644-0612"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800249161","display_name":"Military University of Technology in Warsaw","ror":"https://ror.org/05fct5h31","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800249161"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marcin Kowalski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, Gen. S. Kaliskiego 2, Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, Gen. S. Kaliskiego 2, Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800249161"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101849973"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800249161"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70966002,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"8","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10752","display_name":"Terahertz technology and applications","score":0.9754999876022339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10752","display_name":"Terahertz technology and applications","score":0.9754999876022339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11803","display_name":"Superconducting and THz Device Technology","score":0.0038999998942017555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terahertz-radiation","display_name":"Terahertz radiation","score":0.5562999844551086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.27489998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detection-theory","display_name":"Detection theory","score":0.25029999017715454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107816215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q647887","display_name":"Terahertz radiation","level":2,"score":0.5562999844551086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.45739999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4474000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3578999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3425000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.2913999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.2897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.27489998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2556999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137270730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120811","display_name":"Detection theory","level":3,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11760-026-05501-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11760-026-05501-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11760-026-05501-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S156904493","display_name":"Signal Image and Video Processing","issn_l":"1863-1703","issn":["1863-1703","1863-1711"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Signal, Image and Video Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11760-026-05501-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11760-026-05501-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11760-026-05501-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S156904493","display_name":"Signal Image and Video Processing","issn_l":"1863-1703","issn":["1863-1703","1863-1711"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Signal, Image and Video Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5599615098","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101121282","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","funder_display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7165895679.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7165895679.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2283243221","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2908030045","https://openalex.org/W2957063678","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W4294044375","https://openalex.org/W4318716216","https://openalex.org/W4319601900","https://openalex.org/W4389080643","https://openalex.org/W4393941643","https://openalex.org/W4401357391","https://openalex.org/W4407206968"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Passive":[0],"terahertz":[1],"(THz)":[2],"imaging":[3,28,57,262],"offers":[4],"a":[5,36,84,125,136,143,181],"unique":[6],"capability":[7],"to":[8,51,96,111,222,245],"detect":[9,102],"and":[10,47,64,77,100,120,131,171,188,228],"characterise":[11],"objects":[12],"on":[13,142],"the":[14,23,30,62,67,72,108,153,162,189,204,212,223,246,253],"basis":[15],"of":[16,25,32,54,66,74,92,139,146,155,164,184,186,192,201,207,215,225,248,259,265],"their":[17],"radiation":[18,42],"emission.":[19],"In":[20,199],"this":[21,251],"paper,":[22],"potential":[24],"passive":[26,55,260],"THz":[27,56,98,148,261],"for":[29,58,196,263],"detection":[31,76,113,119,264],"persons":[33],"hidden":[34,103],"in":[35,124,159,166,234,268],"non-metallic":[37],"cargo":[38,68,126],"is":[39,87,129,209,217,252],"investigated.":[40],"A":[41,105],"model":[43],"has":[44,114],"been":[45,115],"developed":[46],"explored":[48],"during":[49],"experiments":[50],"analyse":[52,97],"capabilities":[53,258],"human":[59,75,82,112,266],"detection.":[60],"Since":[61],"density":[63],"composition":[65],"can":[69,80,232],"significantly":[70],"impact":[71],"effectiveness":[73,154],"dense":[78],"materials":[79],"obscure":[81],"forms,":[83],"novel":[85],"approach":[86,110],"proposed":[88,130,157,175],"that":[89,231],"takes":[90],"advantage":[91],"deep":[93],"learning":[94],"techniques":[95],"images":[99],"accurately":[101,160],"persons.":[104],"concept":[106],"exploring":[107],"sequential":[109],"adopted.":[116],"The":[117,133,174],"person":[118],"pose":[121],"estimation":[122],"algorithm":[123,127],"(PDEC)":[128],"validated.":[132],"method":[134,158,176],"involves":[135],"single":[137],"training":[138],"two":[140],"tasks":[141],"data":[144],"set":[145],"annotated":[147],"images.":[149,198],"Experimental":[150],"results":[151],"demonstrate":[152],"our":[156,249],"detecting":[161],"presence":[163,267],"humans":[165],"various":[167],"scenarios,":[168],"including":[169],"indoor":[170],"outdoor":[172],"environments.":[173],"shows":[177],"impressive":[178],"performance,":[179],"achieving":[180],"mean":[182,190,205,213],"value":[183,191,206,214],"DR":[185,208],"0.93":[187],"FDR":[193,216],"at":[194],"0.02":[195],"nonoccluded":[197],"case":[200],"occlusion":[202],"appearance,":[203],"0.89":[210],"while":[211],"0.04.":[218],"Our":[219],"work":[220,256],"contributes":[221],"development":[224],"advanced":[226],"surveillance":[227],"security":[229],"systems":[230],"operate":[233],"challenging":[235],"conditions,":[236],"such":[237],"as":[238],"low":[239],"light":[240],"or":[241],"obscured":[242],"visibility.":[243],"According":[244],"best":[247],"knowledge,":[250],"first":[254],"known":[255],"showing":[257],"cargo.":[269]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2026-06-26T00:00:00"}
