{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7126415217","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11704-025-50646-z","title":"Why not transform chat large language models to non-English?","display_name":"Why not transform chat large language models to non-English?","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7126415217","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11704-025-50646-z"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11704-025-50646-z","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11704-025-50646-z","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210231404","display_name":"Frontiers of Computer Science","issn_l":"2095-2228","issn":["2095-2228","2095-2236"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311889","host_organization_name":"Higher Education Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311889"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Higher Education Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers of Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124652918","display_name":"Xiang Geng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Geng","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124645567","display_name":"Ming Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Translation Services Center, Huawei Inc., Beijing, 100085, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Translation Services Center, Huawei Inc., Beijing, 100085, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124690634","display_name":"Jiahuan Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahuan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101277482","display_name":"Zhejian Lai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhejian Lai","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124648456","display_name":"Wei Zou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060798694","display_name":"Shuaijie She","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuaijie She","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124681340","display_name":"Jiaxin Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaxin Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Translation Services Center, Huawei Inc., Beijing, 100085, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Translation Services Center, Huawei Inc., Beijing, 100085, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124602283","display_name":"Xiaofeng Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofeng Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Translation Services Center, Huawei Inc., Beijing, 100085, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Translation Services Center, Huawei Inc., Beijing, 100085, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yinglu Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinglu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Translation Services Center, Huawei Inc., Beijing, 100085, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Translation Services Center, Huawei Inc., Beijing, 100085, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124653960","display_name":"Yuang Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Translation Services Center, Huawei Inc., Beijing, 100085, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Translation Services Center, Huawei Inc., Beijing, 100085, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124569990","display_name":"Chang Su","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Translation Services Center, Huawei Inc., Beijing, 100085, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Translation Services Center, Huawei Inc., Beijing, 100085, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124509893","display_name":"Yanqing Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanqing Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Translation Services Center, Huawei Inc., Beijing, 100085, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Translation Services Center, Huawei Inc., Beijing, 100085, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124589716","display_name":"Xinglin Lyu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinglin Lyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Translation Services Center, Huawei Inc., Beijing, 100085, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Translation Services Center, Huawei Inc., Beijing, 100085, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124682485","display_name":"Min Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Translation Services Center, Huawei Inc., Beijing, 100085, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Translation Services Center, Huawei Inc., Beijing, 100085, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124577305","display_name":"Jiajun Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiajun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124536330","display_name":"Hao Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Translation Services Center, Huawei Inc., Beijing, 100085, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Translation Services Center, Huawei Inc., Beijing, 100085, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124507547","display_name":"Shujian Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shujian Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5124507547"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11194253,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"7","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.3093000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.3093000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11587","display_name":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","score":0.08869999647140503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10465","display_name":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","score":0.08190000057220459,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-chat","display_name":"Online chat","score":0.4099000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-understanding","display_name":"Language understanding","score":0.39570000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-identification","display_name":"Language identification","score":0.2937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modeling-language","display_name":"Modeling language","score":0.28540000319480896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9190999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5835000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5148000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776849261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287198","display_name":"Online chat","level":3,"score":0.4099000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983448237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Language understanding","level":2,"score":0.39570000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3181999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129792486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050419","display_name":"Language identification","level":3,"score":0.2937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179603123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1941921","display_name":"Modeling language","level":3,"score":0.28540000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83479923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2063748","display_name":"Universal Networking Language","level":4,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2565999925136566}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11704-025-50646-z","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11704-025-50646-z","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210231404","display_name":"Frontiers of Computer Science","issn_l":"2095-2228","issn":["2095-2228","2095-2236"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311889","host_organization_name":"Higher Education Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311889"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Higher Education Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers of Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4284055829048157}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-06T02:01:19.302388","created_date":"2026-02-02T00:00:00"}
