{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415604498","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11704-025-50058-z","title":"A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques for large language models","display_name":"A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques for large language models","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415604498","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11704-025-50058-z"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11704-025-50058-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11704-025-50058-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11704-025-50058-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210231404","display_name":"Frontiers of Computer Science","issn_l":"2095-2228","issn":["2095-2228","2095-2236"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311889","host_organization_name":"Higher Education Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311889"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Higher Education Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers of Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11704-025-50058-z.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047380396","display_name":"Yaoyang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0942-9650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78988378","display_name":"Renmin University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/041pakw92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78988378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao-Yang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Data Engineering and Knowledge Engineering (MOE), School of Information, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Data Engineering and Knowledge Engineering (MOE), School of Information, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78988378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103042903","display_name":"Zhen Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2692-713X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113369","display_name":"Microsoft Research Asia (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0300m5276","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft AI, Microsoft Asia Pacific Research and Development Group, Beijing, 100080, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft AI, Microsoft Asia Pacific Research and Development Group, Beijing, 100080, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091139467","display_name":"Feng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1983-7321"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78988378","display_name":"Renmin University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/041pakw92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78988378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Feng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Data Engineering and Knowledge Engineering (MOE), School of Information, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Data Engineering and Knowledge Engineering (MOE), School of Information, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78988378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085145109","display_name":"Jin-Cheng Feng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78988378","display_name":"Renmin University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/041pakw92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78988378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin-Cheng Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Data Engineering and Knowledge Engineering (MOE), School of Information, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Data Engineering and Knowledge Engineering (MOE), School of Information, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78988378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008288952","display_name":"Y.H. Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7187-578X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78988378","display_name":"Renmin University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/041pakw92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78988378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi-Yang Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Data Engineering and Knowledge Engineering (MOE), School of Information, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Data Engineering and Knowledge Engineering (MOE), School of Information, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78988378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071200777","display_name":"Jidong Zhai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7656-6428"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ji-Dong Zhai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039946576","display_name":"Bingsheng He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8618-4581"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bing-Sheng He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100320957","display_name":"Xiao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1857-1368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78988378","display_name":"Renmin University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/041pakw92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78988378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Data Engineering and Knowledge Engineering (MOE), School of Information, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Data Engineering and Knowledge Engineering (MOE), School of Information, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78988378"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008721449","display_name":"Xiaoyong Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5757-9135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78988378","display_name":"Renmin University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/041pakw92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78988378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao-Yong Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Data Engineering and Knowledge Engineering (MOE), School of Information, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Data Engineering and Knowledge Engineering (MOE), School of Information, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78988378"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091139467"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78988378"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":6.0073,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9659574,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"3","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.13619999587535858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.13619999587535858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.1282999962568283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.07800000160932541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taxonomy","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.5333999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic review","score":0.4546000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.44850000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-driven-architecture","display_name":"Model-driven architecture","score":0.34860000014305115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.751800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.5333999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.4546000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.44850000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4438999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.35429999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509989072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15188241","display_name":"Model-driven architecture","level":4,"score":0.34860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.31540000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.28060001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6604083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376937","display_name":"Requirements engineering","level":3,"score":0.2802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.2572999894618988}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11704-025-50058-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11704-025-50058-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11704-025-50058-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210231404","display_name":"Frontiers of Computer Science","issn_l":"2095-2228","issn":["2095-2228","2095-2236"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311889","host_organization_name":"Higher Education Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311889"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Higher Education Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers of Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11704-025-50058-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11704-025-50058-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11704-025-50058-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210231404","display_name":"Frontiers of Computer Science","issn_l":"2095-2228","issn":["2095-2228","2095-2236"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311889","host_organization_name":"Higher Education Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311889"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Higher Education Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers of Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G130652162","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202304","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1427066226","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62322213","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5789126961","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20220484","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334978","funder_display_name":"Beijing Nova Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6311684539","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202204","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7982012314","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20220484137","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334978","funder_display_name":"Beijing Nova Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8713312196","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20230484397","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334978","funder_display_name":"Beijing Nova Program"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334978","display_name":"Beijing Nova Program","ror":"https://ror.org/034k14f91"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335561","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415604498.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415604498.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2075289001","https://openalex.org/W3044438666","https://openalex.org/W3173777717","https://openalex.org/W3185341429","https://openalex.org/W4206226387","https://openalex.org/W4289523162","https://openalex.org/W4382998379","https://openalex.org/W4384071683","https://openalex.org/W4385571689","https://openalex.org/W4386275705","https://openalex.org/W4386736813","https://openalex.org/W4387789903","https://openalex.org/W4388286372","https://openalex.org/W4388562681","https://openalex.org/W4388626886","https://openalex.org/W4388936696","https://openalex.org/W4389664922","https://openalex.org/W4390195781","https://openalex.org/W4390692489","https://openalex.org/W4391407054","https://openalex.org/W4393065402","https://openalex.org/W4394862882","https://openalex.org/W4394994587","https://openalex.org/W4396597709","https://openalex.org/W4396723768","https://openalex.org/W4396762144","https://openalex.org/W4401043240","https://openalex.org/W4404461868","https://openalex.org/W4405386672","https://openalex.org/W4406694086","https://openalex.org/W4406694958","https://openalex.org/W4406695254"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Large":[1],"Language":[2],"Models":[3],"(LLMs)":[4],"have":[5],"demonstrated":[6],"remarkable":[7],"performance":[8,105],"across":[9,215],"various":[10,191,216],"downstream":[11],"tasks,":[12],"as":[13,62,79],"evidenced":[14],"by":[15],"numerous":[16],"studies.":[17],"Since":[18],"2022,":[19],"generative":[20],"AI":[21,239],"has":[22,60],"shown":[23],"significant":[24,115],"potential":[25],"in":[26,51,117,237],"diverse":[27],"application":[28],"domains,":[29,217],"including":[30],"gaming,":[31],"film":[32],"and":[33,36,71,98,122,128,142,152,175,179,181,209,233,251],"television,":[34],"media,":[35],"finance.":[37],"By":[38,183],"2023,":[39],"the":[40,80,84,90,96,104,110,197,211,228],"global":[41],"AI-generated":[42],"content":[43,97],"(AIGC)":[44],"industry":[45],"had":[46],"attracted":[47],"over":[48],"$26":[49],"billion":[50],"investment.":[52],"As":[53],"LLMs":[54,107,214],"become":[55],"increasingly":[56],"prevalent,":[57],"prompt":[58,118,145,163,168,206,222,231],"engineering":[59,94,169,207,223,232],"emerged":[61],"a":[63,120,149,154,159,185,245],"key":[64],"research":[65,250],"area":[66],"to":[67,89,195,243],"enhance":[68],"user-AI":[69],"interactions":[70],"improve":[72],"LLM":[73],"performance.":[74],"The":[75],"prompt,":[76],"which":[77],"serves":[78],"input":[81],"instruction":[82],"for":[83,162,188,248],"LLM,":[85],"is":[86],"closely":[87],"linked":[88],"model\u2019s":[91],"responses.":[92],"Prompt":[93],"refines":[95],"structure":[99],"of":[100,106,125,144,200,213,230],"prompts,":[101],"thereby":[102],"enhancing":[103],"without":[108],"changing":[109],"underlying":[111],"model":[112],"parameters.":[113],"Despite":[114],"advancements":[116],"engineering,":[119],"comprehensive":[121],"systematic":[123,198,246],"summary":[124],"existing":[126,140,205],"techniques":[127,141,208],"their":[129,219],"practical":[130],"applications":[131,143,212],"remains":[132],"absent.":[133],"To":[134],"fill":[135],"this":[136],"gap,":[137],"we":[138,193,203],"investigate":[139],"engineering.":[146],"We":[147],"conduct":[148],"thorough":[150],"review":[151],"propose":[153],"novel":[155],"taxonomy":[156,166],"that":[157],"provides":[158],"foundational":[160],"framework":[161,187],"construction.":[164],"This":[165,225],"categorizes":[167],"into":[170],"four":[171],"distinct":[172],"aspects:":[173],"profile":[174],"instruction,":[176],"knowledge,":[177],"reasoning":[178],"planning,":[180],"reliability.":[182],"providing":[184],"structured":[186],"understanding":[189],"its":[190,234],"dimensions,":[192],"aim":[194],"facilitate":[196],"design":[199],"prompts.":[201],"Furthermore,":[202],"summarize":[204],"explore":[210],"highlighting":[218],"interrelation":[220],"with":[221],"strategies.":[224],"survey":[226],"underscores":[227],"progress":[229],"critical":[235],"role":[236],"advancing":[238],"applications,":[240],"ultimately":[241],"aiming":[242],"provide":[244],"reference":[247],"future":[249],"applications.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-28T00:00:00"}
