{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390946269","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11634-023-00574-2","title":"RGA: a unified measure of predictive accuracy","display_name":"RGA: a unified measure of predictive accuracy","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390946269","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11634-023-00574-2"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11634-023-00574-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11634-023-00574-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11634-023-00574-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175730","display_name":"Advances in Data Analysis and Classification","issn_l":"1862-5347","issn":["1862-5347","1862-5355"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advances in Data Analysis and Classification","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11634-023-00574-2.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051364218","display_name":"Paolo Giudici","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4198-0127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25217355","display_name":"University of Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/00s6t1f81","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Giudici","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics and Management, Via San Felice al Monastero 5, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics and Management, Via San Felice al Monastero 5, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017037785","display_name":"Emanuela Raffinetti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0386-7975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25217355","display_name":"University of Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/00s6t1f81","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emanuela Raffinetti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics and Management, Via San Felice al Monastero 5, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics and Management, Via San Felice al Monastero 5, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051364218"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":31.0993,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":64,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99824992,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"1","first_page":"67","last_page":"93"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11918","display_name":"Forecasting Techniques and Applications","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11918","display_name":"Forecasting Techniques and Applications","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11871","display_name":"Advanced Statistical Methods and Models","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10282","display_name":"Financial Risk and Volatility Modeling","score":0.9498999714851379,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistic","display_name":"Statistic","score":0.6586319208145142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.6341707706451416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wilcoxon-signed-rank-test","display_name":"Wilcoxon signed-rank test","score":0.6242991089820862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.6040732264518738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.5442895293235779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.5404447317123413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.48892155289649963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.46891507506370544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concordance","display_name":"Concordance","score":0.423052042722702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.31089866161346436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.30722445249557495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mann\u2013whitney-u-test","display_name":"Mann\u2013Whitney U test","score":0.22868916392326355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89128539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1949963","display_name":"Statistic","level":2,"score":0.6586319208145142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.6341707706451416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206041023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1751970","display_name":"Wilcoxon signed-rank test","level":3,"score":0.6242991089820862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.6040732264518738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.5442895293235779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.5404447317123413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.48892155289649963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.46891507506370544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160798450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4230870","display_name":"Concordance","level":2,"score":0.423052042722702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.31089866161346436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.30722445249557495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12868164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1424533","display_name":"Mann\u2013Whitney U test","level":2,"score":0.22868916392326355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11634-023-00574-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11634-023-00574-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11634-023-00574-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175730","display_name":"Advances in Data Analysis and Classification","issn_l":"1862-5347","issn":["1862-5347","1862-5355"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advances in Data Analysis and Classification","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:spr:advdac:v:19:y:2025:i:1:d:10.1007_s11634-023-00574-2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11634-023-00574-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11634-023-00574-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11634-023-00574-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11634-023-00574-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175730","display_name":"Advances in Data Analysis and Classification","issn_l":"1862-5347","issn":["1862-5347","1862-5355"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advances in Data Analysis and Classification","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322874","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/00s6t1f81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335813","display_name":"Innovation and Networks Executive Agency","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390946269.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1912982817","https://openalex.org/W1984925443","https://openalex.org/W1992068214","https://openalex.org/W2025720061","https://openalex.org/W2029694543","https://openalex.org/W2043011221","https://openalex.org/W2057560640","https://openalex.org/W2065089656","https://openalex.org/W2073241381","https://openalex.org/W2075965721","https://openalex.org/W2079904289","https://openalex.org/W2153529786","https://openalex.org/W2156562757","https://openalex.org/W2254510867","https://openalex.org/W2328176404","https://openalex.org/W2747485148","https://openalex.org/W2765789845","https://openalex.org/W2920156589","https://openalex.org/W3031381838","https://openalex.org/W3040901468","https://openalex.org/W3086877397","https://openalex.org/W3093433874","https://openalex.org/W3124542170","https://openalex.org/W3160899915","https://openalex.org/W3171467315","https://openalex.org/W3193860116","https://openalex.org/W3210382212","https://openalex.org/W4205235113","https://openalex.org/W4206189171","https://openalex.org/W4234552994","https://openalex.org/W4291327732","https://openalex.org/W4292058084","https://openalex.org/W4318193483","https://openalex.org/W4323349753","https://openalex.org/W4376474620"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1601684588","https://openalex.org/W2108427450","https://openalex.org/W2104328188","https://openalex.org/W648938440","https://openalex.org/W4220795960","https://openalex.org/W2789177613","https://openalex.org/W4231136619","https://openalex.org/W2065087449","https://openalex.org/W136145013","https://openalex.org/W2529147170"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"A":[1],"key":[2],"point":[3,136],"to":[4,47,74,94,104,122],"assess":[5],"statistical":[6],"forecasts":[7],"is":[8,77,107],"the":[9,26,29,32,36,39,53,56,59,72,79,84,87,96,102,110,118,126,130,132],"evaluation":[10],"of":[11,31,38,42,45,55,58,98,140,147],"their":[12,141,148],"predictive":[13],"accuracy.":[14],"Recently,":[15],"a":[16,43,68],"new":[17],"measure,":[18],"called":[19],"Rank":[20],"Graduation":[21],"Accuracy":[22],"(RGA),":[23],"based":[24],"on":[25],"concordance":[27],"between":[28],"ranks":[30,37],"predicted":[33,76,106],"values":[34,41],"and":[35,86,90,120],"actual":[40],"series":[44],"observations":[46],"be":[48,75,92,105,114],"forecast,":[49],"was":[50],"proposed":[51],"for":[52],"assessment":[54],"quality":[57],"predictions.":[60],"In":[61],"this":[62],"paper,":[63],"we":[64],"demonstrate":[65],"that,":[66],"in":[67,138,145],"classification":[69],"perspective,":[70],"when":[71],"response":[73,103],"binary,":[78],"RGA":[80,111,133],"coincides":[81],"both":[82],"with":[83],"AUROC":[85],"Wilcoxon-Mann\u2013Whitney":[88],"statistic,":[89],"can":[91,112],"employed":[93],"evaluate":[95],"accuracy":[97],"probability":[99],"forecasts.":[100],"When":[101],"real":[108],"valued,":[109],"still":[113],"applied,":[115],"differently":[116],"from":[117,129],"AUROC,":[119],"similarly":[121],"measures":[123],"such":[124],"as":[125],"RMSE.":[127],"Differently":[128],"RMSE,":[131],"measure":[134],"evaluates":[135],"predictions":[137],"terms":[139,146],"ranks,":[142],"rather":[143],"than":[144],"values,":[149],"improving":[150],"robustness.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-04-03T22:45:19.894376","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}