{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7153901397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11633-026-1637-x","title":"The Competition of Fairness in AI-generated Face Detection: Methods and Results","display_name":"The Competition of Fairness in AI-generated Face Detection: Methods and Results","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7153901397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11633-026-1637-x"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11633-026-1637-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11633-026-1637-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11633-026-1637-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210224602","display_name":"Machine Intelligence Research","issn_l":"2731-538X","issn":["2731-538X","2731-5398"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Intelligence Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11633-026-1637-x.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100687829","display_name":"Shu Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1446-4140"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shu Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Applied and Creative Computing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1446-4140","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Applied and Creative Computing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133442012","display_name":"Li Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Applied and Creative Computing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Applied and Creative Computing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026208633","display_name":"Shail Desai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shail Desai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Applied and Creative Computing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Applied and Creative Computing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133466038","display_name":"Aditya Pawar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aditya Pawar","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Applied and Creative Computing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Applied and Creative Computing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133464498","display_name":"Guangyu Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangyu Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Applied and Creative Computing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Applied and Creative Computing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133462886","display_name":"Xin Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113508548","display_name":"Albany State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vme4277","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113508548"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I392282","display_name":"University at Albany, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/012zs8222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I392282"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University at Albany, State University of New York (SUNY), Albany, 12222, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University at Albany, State University of New York (SUNY), Albany, 12222, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I392282","https://openalex.org/I113508548"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133454874","display_name":"Daniel S. Schiff","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel S. Schiff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Political Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Political Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114033203","display_name":"Sachi Nandan Mohanty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7383-8870"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131147","display_name":"SRM University","ror":"https://ror.org/037skf023","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145286018","https://openalex.org/I4210131147"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sachi Nandan Mohanty","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, VIT-AP University, Andhra Pradesh, Amaravati, 522241, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, VIT-AP University, Andhra Pradesh, Amaravati, 522241, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131147"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022252482","display_name":"Ryan Ofman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138805","display_name":"Youth Radio (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/048jjtk40","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138805"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryan Ofman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deep Media AI Inc., Oakland, 94607, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deep Media AI Inc., Oakland, 94607, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138805"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133454804","display_name":"Narcis Bejtic","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131368","display_name":"Doug Bragg Enterprises (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/02rhs4t61","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131368"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Narcis Bejtic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Originality.AI Inc., Ontario, L9Y 2L6, Canada, Collingwood"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Originality.AI Inc., Ontario, L9Y 2L6, Canada, Collingwood","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131368"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133438601","display_name":"Jon Gillham","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131368","display_name":"Doug Bragg Enterprises (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/02rhs4t61","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131368"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jon Gillham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Originality.AI Inc., Ontario, L9Y 2L6, Canada, Collingwood"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Originality.AI Inc., Ontario, L9Y 2L6, Canada, Collingwood","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131368"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133470841","display_name":"Wenbin Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11957088","display_name":"Michigan Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/0036rpn28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenbin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan Technological University, Houghton, 49931, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan Technological University, Houghton, 49931, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133470978","display_name":"Baoyuan Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baoyuan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041802488","display_name":"Cristian Canton","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799803557","display_name":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05sd8tv96","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799803557","https://openalex.org/I9617848"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cristian Canton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, 08034, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, 08034, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848","https://openalex.org/I2799803557"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100409017","display_name":"Xiaoming Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5662-1939"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoming Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080842029","display_name":"Luisa Verdoliva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7286-7963"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71267560","display_name":"University of Naples Federico II","ror":"https://ror.org/05290cv24","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luisa Verdoliva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, 80125, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, 80125, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133474401","display_name":"Siwei Lyu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siwei Lyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, 14068, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, 14068, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133446849","display_name":"Yongwei Tang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11406153","display_name":"Shanghai International Studies University","ror":"https://ror.org/01bn89z48","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11406153"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087632","display_name":"Shanghai International Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/003z39n14","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087632"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongwei Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ant International, Shanghai, 200120, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ant International, Shanghai, 200120, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11406153","https://openalex.org/I4210087632"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133473734","display_name":"Zhiqiang Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11406153","display_name":"Shanghai International Studies University","ror":"https://ror.org/01bn89z48","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11406153"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087632","display_name":"Shanghai International Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/003z39n14","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087632"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiqiang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ant International, Shanghai, 200120, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ant International, Shanghai, 200120, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11406153","https://openalex.org/I4210087632"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133446971","display_name":"Jiawen Seow","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11406153","display_name":"Shanghai International Studies University","ror":"https://ror.org/01bn89z48","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11406153"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087632","display_name":"Shanghai International Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/003z39n14","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087632"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiawen Seow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ant International, Shanghai, 200120, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ant International, Shanghai, 200120, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11406153","https://openalex.org/I4210087632"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087717137","display_name":"Zara Alaverdyan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1320758411","display_name":"Entrust","ror":"https://ror.org/01deqjx32","country_code":"GB","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320758411"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121528","display_name":"Entrust Datacard (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/024mety47","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121528"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zara Alaverdyan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Entrust Corp., Shakopee, 55379, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Entrust Corp., Shakopee, 55379, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121528","https://openalex.org/I1320758411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044309302","display_name":"Anne-Flore Baron","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1320758411","display_name":"Entrust","ror":"https://ror.org/01deqjx32","country_code":"GB","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320758411"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121528","display_name":"Entrust Datacard (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/024mety47","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121528"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anne-Flore Baron","raw_affiliation_strings":["Entrust Corp., Shakopee, 55379, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Entrust Corp., Shakopee, 55379, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121528","https://openalex.org/I1320758411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010332658","display_name":"Simon Bozonnet","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1320758411","display_name":"Entrust","ror":"https://ror.org/01deqjx32","country_code":"GB","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320758411"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121528","display_name":"Entrust Datacard (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/024mety47","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121528"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Bozonnet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Entrust Corp., Shakopee, 55379, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Entrust Corp., Shakopee, 55379, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121528","https://openalex.org/I1320758411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028989501","display_name":"Martins Bruveris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2710-3902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1320758411","display_name":"Entrust","ror":"https://ror.org/01deqjx32","country_code":"GB","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320758411"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121528","display_name":"Entrust Datacard (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/024mety47","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121528"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martins Bruveris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Entrust Corp., Shakopee, 55379, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Entrust Corp., Shakopee, 55379, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121528","https://openalex.org/I1320758411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019000107","display_name":"Jochem Gietema","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1320758411","display_name":"Entrust","ror":"https://ror.org/01deqjx32","country_code":"GB","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320758411"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121528","display_name":"Entrust Datacard (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/024mety47","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121528"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jochem Gietema","raw_affiliation_strings":["Entrust Corp., Shakopee, 55379, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Entrust Corp., Shakopee, 55379, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121528","https://openalex.org/I1320758411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133441240","display_name":"Lucia Innocenti","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1320758411","display_name":"Entrust","ror":"https://ror.org/01deqjx32","country_code":"GB","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320758411"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121528","display_name":"Entrust Datacard (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/024mety47","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121528"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucia Innocenti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Entrust Corp., Shakopee, 55379, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Entrust Corp., Shakopee, 55379, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121528","https://openalex.org/I1320758411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133474218","display_name":"Lisa Ivanova","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1320758411","display_name":"Entrust","ror":"https://ror.org/01deqjx32","country_code":"GB","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320758411"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121528","display_name":"Entrust Datacard (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/024mety47","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121528"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lisa Ivanova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Entrust Corp., Shakopee, 55379, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Entrust Corp., Shakopee, 55379, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121528","https://openalex.org/I1320758411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002420801","display_name":"Olivier Koch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1947-9763"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1320758411","display_name":"Entrust","ror":"https://ror.org/01deqjx32","country_code":"GB","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320758411"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121528","display_name":"Entrust Datacard (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/024mety47","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121528"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olivier Koch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Entrust Corp., Shakopee, 55379, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Entrust Corp., Shakopee, 55379, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121528","https://openalex.org/I1320758411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133471119","display_name":"Harry Ni","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1320758411","display_name":"Entrust","ror":"https://ror.org/01deqjx32","country_code":"GB","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320758411"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121528","display_name":"Entrust Datacard (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/024mety47","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121528"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harry Ni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Entrust Corp., Shakopee, 55379, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Entrust Corp., Shakopee, 55379, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121528","https://openalex.org/I1320758411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020259135","display_name":"Arthur Pajot","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1320758411","display_name":"Entrust","ror":"https://ror.org/01deqjx32","country_code":"GB","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320758411"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121528","display_name":"Entrust Datacard (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/024mety47","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121528"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arthur Pajot","raw_affiliation_strings":["Entrust Corp., Shakopee, 55379, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Entrust Corp., Shakopee, 55379, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121528","https://openalex.org/I1320758411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088339159","display_name":"Romain Sabathe","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1320758411","display_name":"Entrust","ror":"https://ror.org/01deqjx32","country_code":"GB","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320758411"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121528","display_name":"Entrust Datacard (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/024mety47","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121528"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Romain Sabathe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Entrust Corp., Shakopee, 55379, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Entrust Corp., Shakopee, 55379, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121528","https://openalex.org/I1320758411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133236106","display_name":"Fengming Gu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fengming Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of AI Safety, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of AI Safety, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071320708","display_name":"Xingming Long","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7229-9142"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingming Long","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of AI Safety, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of AI Safety, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133467648","display_name":"Jie Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of AI Safety, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of AI Safety, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133445534","display_name":"Wenqing Ge","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenqing Ge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266005, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266005, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133468031","display_name":"Xiangkui Cao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangkui Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of AI Safety, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of AI Safety, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133467157","display_name":"Yuecong Min","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuecong Min","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of AI Safety, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of AI Safety, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133456171","display_name":"Yingjie Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingjie Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266005, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266005, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030477913","display_name":"Zonghui Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7830-6606"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zonghui Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266005, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266005, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133455231","display_name":"Shiguang Shan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiguang Shan","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of AI Safety, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of AI Safety, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100681212","display_name":"Jinhee Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6206-0832"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131650","display_name":"Korea Electronics Technology Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/039k6f508","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210089395","https://openalex.org/I4210131650"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67900169","display_name":"Chung-Ang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r024a98","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinhee Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, 06974, Republic of Korea","Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Gyeonggi-do, 13509, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, 06974, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Gyeonggi-do, 13509, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133463668","display_name":"Minjun Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67900169","display_name":"Chung-Ang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r024a98","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minjun Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, 06974, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, 06974, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113668711","display_name":"A. Park","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67900169","display_name":"Chung-Ang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r024a98","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahyeon Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, 06974, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, 06974, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059457064","display_name":"Guisik Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8254-0881"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131650","display_name":"Korea Electronics Technology Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/039k6f508","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210089395","https://openalex.org/I4210131650"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guisik Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Gyeonggi-do, 13509, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Gyeonggi-do, 13509, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133453323","display_name":"Taewoo Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131650","display_name":"Korea Electronics Technology Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/039k6f508","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210089395","https://openalex.org/I4210131650"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taewoo Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Gyeonggi-do, 13509, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Gyeonggi-do, 13509, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133465191","display_name":"YoungJoon Yoo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67900169","display_name":"Chung-Ang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r024a98","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"YoungJoon Yoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, 06974, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, 06974, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045083125","display_name":"Junseok Kwon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9526-7549"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67900169","display_name":"Chung-Ang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r024a98","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junseok Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, 06974, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, 06974, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133460790","display_name":"Zhaoda Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75689368","display_name":"Communication University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04facbs33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75689368"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaoda Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing, 100042, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing, 100042, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75689368"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133462136","display_name":"Mengyun Tang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75689368","display_name":"Communication University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04facbs33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75689368"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengyun Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing, 100042, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing, 100042, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75689368"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088539248","display_name":"Leyang Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leyang Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133465522","display_name":"Bogdan Dura","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114681","display_name":"National Institute for Research and Development in Informatics - ICI Bucharest","ror":"https://ror.org/028rq5v79","country_code":"RO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114681"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bogdan Dura","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Research and Development in Informatics - ICI Bucharest, Bucharest, 011455, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Research and Development in Informatics - ICI Bucharest, Bucharest, 011455, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114681"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133456044","display_name":"Sebastian Balmu\u015f","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114681","display_name":"National Institute for Research and Development in Informatics - ICI Bucharest","ror":"https://ror.org/028rq5v79","country_code":"RO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114681"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian Balmu\u015f","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Research and Development in Informatics - ICI Bucharest, Bucharest, 011455, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Research and Development in Informatics - ICI Bucharest, Bucharest, 011455, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114681"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067171191","display_name":"Fang\u2010Yi Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2852-161X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang-Yi Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, 02115, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, 02115, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133460647","display_name":"Tsung-Hua Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tsung-Hua Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, 02115, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, 02115, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133451500","display_name":"Ting-Wan Kao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting-Wan Kao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, 02115, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, 02115, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":10,"institutions_distinct_count":55,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100687829"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55173416,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"3","first_page":"501","last_page":"527"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.8337000012397766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.8337000012397766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.06040000170469284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.009200000204145908,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition","display_name":"Competition (biology)","score":0.5256999731063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.43230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.4221000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.38679999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversification","display_name":"Diversification (marketing strategy)","score":0.37470000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.33889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inequality","display_name":"Inequality","score":0.32339999079704285}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5691999793052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5256999731063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.43230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.4221000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.38679999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180916674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3711935","display_name":"Diversification (marketing strategy)","level":2,"score":0.37470000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.33889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.32339999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.32339999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.32109999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.32019999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.311599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3041999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162222271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92779871","display_name":"Public good","level":2,"score":0.2964000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.29490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11867375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5430671","display_name":"Fairness measure","level":4,"score":0.2903999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.26460000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.25270000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.2524000108242035}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11633-026-1637-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11633-026-1637-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11633-026-1637-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210224602","display_name":"Machine Intelligence Research","issn_l":"2731-538X","issn":["2731-538X","2731-5398"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Intelligence Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.mtu.edu:michigantech-p2-3611","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/michigantech-p2/2549","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196391","display_name":"Digital Commons - Michigan Tech (Michigan Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I11957088","host_organization_name":"Michigan Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Michigan Tech Publications","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11633-026-1637-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11633-026-1637-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11633-026-1637-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210224602","display_name":"Machine Intelligence Research","issn_l":"2731-538X","issn":["2731-538X","2731-5398"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Intelligence Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4690967798233032,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7318935081","display_name":"CRII: RI:  A Study of Rank-based Decomposable Losses for Machine Learning","funder_award_id":"2434967","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8453196920","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-2434967","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7153901397.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7153901397.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1834627138","https://openalex.org/W2100960835","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2515770085","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2962770929","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963671154","https://openalex.org/W2982058372","https://openalex.org/W3034552680","https://openalex.org/W3034713808","https://openalex.org/W3035574324","https://openalex.org/W3081492798","https://openalex.org/W3094728142","https://openalex.org/W3135809943","https://openalex.org/W3176241004","https://openalex.org/W3181414820","https://openalex.org/W4292793883","https://openalex.org/W4312651322","https://openalex.org/W4312933868","https://openalex.org/W4313130906","https://openalex.org/W4384820637","https://openalex.org/W4386071953","https://openalex.org/W4386076493","https://openalex.org/W4391878097","https://openalex.org/W4393161413","https://openalex.org/W4394593221","https://openalex.org/W4402716253","https://openalex.org/W4402774698","https://openalex.org/W4409347729","https://openalex.org/W4413145424","https://openalex.org/W4413147607","https://openalex.org/W4413156836","https://openalex.org/W6888597806","https://openalex.org/W6907407296"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"AI-generated":[1,87],"facial":[2],"synthesis":[3],"(DeepFakes)":[4],"has":[5],"rapidly":[6],"progressed":[7],"through":[8,228],"advanced":[9],"generative":[10],"models,":[11],"producing":[12],"realistic":[13],"manipulated":[14],"media":[15],"that":[16,57,133,175,221],"is":[17,284],"increasingly":[18],"difficult":[19],"to":[20,69],"distinguish":[21],"from":[22,115],"authentic":[23],"content.":[24],"Misuse":[25],"of":[26,128,198,236,243],"these":[27],"technologies":[28],"threatens":[29],"public":[30],"trust":[31],"and":[32,47,64,112,144,171,200,205,216,240,256,264,269,277],"democratic":[33],"stability,":[34],"particularly":[35],"in":[36,86],"sensitive":[37],"contexts.":[38],"Beyond":[39],"detection":[40,89,267],"accuracy,":[41],"responsible":[42,278],"forensic":[43],"analysis":[44],"demands":[45],"fair":[46],"ethical":[48],"deployment,":[49],"yet":[50],"recent":[51],"studies":[52],"reveal":[53,234],"demographic":[54],"performance":[55],"disparities":[56],"existing":[58],"methods":[59,131,188],"have":[60],"not":[61],"adequately":[62],"addressed,":[63],"fairness":[65,85,94,151,161,176,222],"approaches":[66,137],"often":[67],"fail":[68],"generalize":[70],"under":[71,246],"distribution":[72],"shifts.":[73],"To":[74],"address":[75],"this":[76,250],"issue,":[77],"we":[78],"organized":[79],"the":[80,125,129,134,156,241],"first":[81],"competition":[82,101,251,282],"focused":[83],"on":[84,150],"face":[88],"at":[90],"NeurIPS":[91],"2025,":[92],"connecting":[93],"research":[95],"with":[96,121],"real-world":[97],"DeepFake":[98,266],"challenges.":[99],"The":[100,281],"attracted":[102],"substantial":[103],"global":[104,199],"participation,":[105],"including":[106,192],"more":[107,261],"than":[108,148],"64":[109],"registered":[110],"teams":[111,123],"158":[113],"participants":[114],"63":[116],"organizations":[117],"across":[118],"20":[119],"countries,":[120],"11":[122],"surpassing":[124],"baseline.":[126],"Analysis":[127],"submitted":[130],"reveals":[132],"most":[135],"effective":[136],"combined":[138],"data-centric":[139],"design,":[140,231],"robust":[141],"representation":[142],"learning,":[143,204],"model-level":[145],"diversification":[146],"rather":[147],"relying":[149],"constraints":[152],"alone.":[153],"In":[154],"particular,":[155],"top-ranked":[157],"solution":[158],"achieved":[159],"strong":[160],"improvements":[162],"by":[163],"integrating":[164],"careful":[165],"data":[166],"curation,":[167],"a":[168],"mixture-of-experts":[169],"architecture,":[170],"test-time":[172],"augmentation,":[173],"demonstrating":[174],"generalization":[177],"can":[178,224],"be":[179,225],"improved":[180,227],"without":[181],"explicitly":[182],"optimizing":[183],"demographic-specific":[184],"losses.":[185],"Other":[186],"competitive":[187],"explored":[189],"complementary":[190],"directions,":[191],"foundation-model-based":[193],"feature":[194],"extraction,":[195],"dual-branch":[196],"fusion":[197],"local":[201],"cues,":[202],"ensemble":[203],"post":[206],"hoc":[207],"calibration,":[208],"each":[209],"exposing":[210],"distinct":[211],"trade-offs":[212],"among":[213],"fairness,":[214],"utility,":[215],"deployability.":[217],"Our":[218],"findings":[219],"highlight":[220],"metrics":[223],"significantly":[226],"strategic":[229],"system":[230],"but":[232],"also":[233],"limitations":[235],"current":[237],"evaluation":[238,275],"protocols":[239],"risk":[242],"trivial":[244],"solutions":[245],"fixed":[247],"thresholds.":[248],"Overall,":[249],"provides":[252],"concrete":[253],"empirical":[254],"evidence":[255],"methodological":[257],"insights":[258],"for":[259,272],"building":[260],"fair,":[262],"robust,":[263],"trustworthy":[265],"systems,":[268],"offers":[270],"guidance":[271],"future":[273],"benchmarks,":[274],"metrics,":[276],"deployment":[279],"practices.":[280],"website":[283],"available":[285],"at:":[286],"https://sites.google.com/view/aifacedetection/":[287],".":[288]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-03T06:16:58.514037","created_date":"2026-04-13T00:00:00"}