{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4366338353","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11633-023-1423-y","title":"YuNet: A Tiny Millisecond-level Face Detector","display_name":"YuNet: A Tiny Millisecond-level Face Detector","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4366338353","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11633-023-1423-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11633-023-1423-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11633-023-1423-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11633-023-1423-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210224602","display_name":"Machine Intelligence Research","issn_l":"2731-538X","issn":["2731-538X","2731-5398"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Intelligence Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11633-023-1423-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035728991","display_name":"Wei Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9595-1778"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wei Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006711084","display_name":"Hanyang Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9715-473X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136793","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanyang Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518066, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518066, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030831939","display_name":"Shiqi Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5213-5877"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiqi Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035728991"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.7832,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":82,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98768106,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"5","first_page":"656","last_page":"665"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8154082298278809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.77801913022995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.5198945999145508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5158071517944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.5040227770805359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/millisecond","display_name":"Millisecond","score":0.4632832407951355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4518224895000458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4448586702346802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.44338858127593994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4349161684513092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.43299010396003723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.4178531765937805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.38183367252349854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.37390798330307007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.36645910143852234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.35988467931747437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3438396453857422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11682862043380737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.10589942336082458}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8154082298278809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.77801913022995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.5198945999145508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5158071517944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.5040227770805359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60327585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q723733","display_name":"Millisecond","level":2,"score":0.4632832407951355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4518224895000458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4448586702346802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.44338858127593994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4349161684513092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.43299010396003723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.4178531765937805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.38183367252349854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.37390798330307007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.36645910143852234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.35988467931747437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3438396453857422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11682862043380737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.10589942336082458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11633-023-1423-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11633-023-1423-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11633-023-1423-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210224602","display_name":"Machine Intelligence Research","issn_l":"2731-538X","issn":["2731-538X","2731-5398"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Intelligence Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11633-023-1423-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11633-023-1423-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11633-023-1423-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210224602","display_name":"Machine Intelligence Research","issn_l":"2731-538X","issn":["2731-538X","2731-5398"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Intelligence Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2981938667","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Shenzhen","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3309959654","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61976144","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G705477968","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"155017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4366338353.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2612445135","https://openalex.org/W2950141105","https://openalex.org/W2962134292","https://openalex.org/W2963011882","https://openalex.org/W2963566548","https://openalex.org/W2963856926","https://openalex.org/W2964325361","https://openalex.org/W2964347837","https://openalex.org/W3034258423","https://openalex.org/W3034594021","https://openalex.org/W3109623941","https://openalex.org/W3161821165","https://openalex.org/W3161927037","https://openalex.org/W3167308647","https://openalex.org/W3205953910","https://openalex.org/W3213737329","https://openalex.org/W4301220330","https://openalex.org/W4312255561","https://openalex.org/W4321231565","https://openalex.org/W6798838024"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2908959303","https://openalex.org/W2134472250","https://openalex.org/W2144059113","https://openalex.org/W2486556835","https://openalex.org/W2347601237","https://openalex.org/W1771356744","https://openalex.org/W2150574012","https://openalex.org/W3171199097","https://openalex.org/W1775397219","https://openalex.org/W2914194627"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Great":[1],"progress":[2],"has":[3,122,131,210],"been":[4,211],"made":[5],"toward":[6],"accurate":[7],"face":[8,49,75,93,154],"detection":[9],"in":[10,64,77],"recent":[11,78],"years.":[12],"However,":[13],"the":[14,66,72,82,86,116,123,152,163,167,178,203],"heavy":[15],"model":[16,34],"and":[17,30,36,80,103,108,128,135,156,207,215],"expensive":[18],"computation":[19],"costs":[20],"make":[21],"it":[22,157],"difficult":[23],"to":[24,84],"deploy":[25],"many":[26],"detectors":[27,76],"on":[28,177],"mobile":[29],"embedded":[31],"devices":[32],"where":[33],"size":[35,87],"latency":[37],"are":[38,60],"highly":[39],"constrained.":[40],"In":[41,144],"this":[42],"paper,":[43],"we":[44,70],"present":[45],"a":[46,91,101,109,146,185],"millisecond-level":[47],"anchor-free":[48],"detector,":[50,94,155],"YuNet,":[51,95],"which":[52],"is":[53,96,136,149],"specifically":[54],"designed":[55],"for":[56,151,205],"edge":[57],"devices.":[58],"There":[59],"several":[61],"key":[62],"contributions":[63],"improving":[65],"efficiency-accuracy":[67],"trade-off.":[68],"First,":[69],"analyse":[71],"influential":[73],"state-of-the-art":[74],"years":[79],"summarize":[81],"rules":[83],"reduce":[85],"of":[88,118,140,166,199],"models.":[89],"Then,":[90],"lightweight":[92],"introduced.":[97],"Our":[98],"detector":[99],"contains":[100],"tiny":[102,153],"efficient":[104],"feature":[105,112],"extraction":[106],"backbone":[107],"simplified":[110],"pyramid":[111],"fusion":[113],"neck.":[114],"To":[115],"best":[117,124],"our":[119],"knowledge,":[120],"YuNet":[121,172,206],"trade-off":[125],"between":[126],"accuracy":[127],"speed.":[129],"It":[130],"only":[132],"75856":[133],"parameters":[134],"less":[137],"than":[138,218],"1/5":[139],"other":[141],"small-size":[142],"detectors.":[143],"addition,":[145],"training":[147,168],"strategy":[148],"presented":[150],"can":[158],"effectively":[159],"train":[160],"models":[161],"with":[162,184],"same":[164],"distribution":[165],"set.":[169],"The":[170],"proposed":[171],"achieves":[173],"81.1%":[174],"mAP":[175],"(single-scale)":[176],"WIDER":[179],"FACE":[180],"validation":[181],"hard":[182],"track":[183],"high":[186],"inference":[187],"efficiency":[188],"(Intel":[189],"i7-12700K:":[190],"1.6ms":[191],"per":[192],"frame":[193],"at":[194,213,221],"320":[195],"\u00d7":[196],"320).":[197],"Because":[198],"its":[200,208],"unique":[201],"advantages,":[202],"repository":[204],"predecessors":[209],"popular":[212],"GitHub":[214],"gained":[216],"more":[217],"11K":[219],"stars":[220],"https://github.com/ShiqiYu/libfacedetection":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-04-11T08:14:18.477133","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
