{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3202031169","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11633-022-1331-6","title":"Paradigm Shift in Natural Language Processing","display_name":"Paradigm Shift in Natural Language Processing","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3202031169","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11633-022-1331-6","mag":"3202031169"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11633-022-1331-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11633-022-1331-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11633-022-1331-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210224602","display_name":"Machine Intelligence Research","issn_l":"2731-538X","issn":["2731-538X","2731-5398"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Intelligence Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11633-022-1331-6.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058308999","display_name":"Tianxiang Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8291-820X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tian-Xiang Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China","Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8291-820X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038066226","display_name":"Xiang-Yang Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang-Yang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China","Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0618-9919","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044665993","display_name":"Xipeng Qiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7163-5247"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xi-Peng Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China","Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7163-5247","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088834359","display_name":"Xuanjing Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9197-9426"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuan-Jing Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China","Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9197-9426","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044665993"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.4971,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":86,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98586535,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"3","first_page":"169","last_page":"183"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chunking","display_name":"Chunking (psychology)","score":0.8730679750442505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paradigm-shift","display_name":"Paradigm shift","score":0.8638935089111328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8223839998245239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6718524694442749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.606285810470581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6023053526878357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-understanding","display_name":"Natural language understanding","score":0.4932214617729187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.41021233797073364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.3579082489013672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.33612972497940063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.06616759300231934}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203357204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1089605","display_name":"Chunking (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.8730679750442505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43540301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689971","display_name":"Paradigm shift","level":2,"score":0.8638935089111328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8223839998245239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6718524694442749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.606285810470581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6023053526878357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Natural language understanding","level":3,"score":0.4932214617729187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.41021233797073364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.3579082489013672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.33612972497940063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.06616759300231934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11633-022-1331-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11633-022-1331-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11633-022-1331-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210224602","display_name":"Machine Intelligence Research","issn_l":"2731-538X","issn":["2731-538X","2731-5398"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Intelligence Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2109.12575","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2109.12575","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2109.12575","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11633-022-1331-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11633-022-1331-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11633-022-1331-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210224602","display_name":"Machine Intelligence Research","issn_l":"2731-538X","issn":["2731-538X","2731-5398"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Intelligence Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.800000011920929}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G460263832","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62022027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3202031169.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3202031169.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":144,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1832693441","https://openalex.org/W1869752048","https://openalex.org/W2051840895","https://openalex.org/W2124204950","https://openalex.org/W2130158090","https://openalex.org/W2130942839","https://openalex.org/W2133564696","https://openalex.org/W2134036914","https://openalex.org/W2140679639","https://openalex.org/W2147880316","https://openalex.org/W2250521169","https://openalex.org/W2250861254","https://openalex.org/W2296283641","https://openalex.org/W2307381258","https://openalex.org/W2407776548","https://openalex.org/W2551396370","https://openalex.org/W2552027021","https://openalex.org/W2562607067","https://openalex.org/W2564486991","https://openalex.org/W2571859396","https://openalex.org/W2608787653","https://openalex.org/W2613904329","https://openalex.org/W2767206889","https://openalex.org/W2798734500","https://openalex.org/W2808427340","https://openalex.org/W2809324505","https://openalex.org/W2859207840","https://openalex.org/W2889468083","https://openalex.org/W2889787757","https://openalex.org/W2935075866","https://openalex.org/W2944815030","https://openalex.org/W2949257977","https://openalex.org/W2949922292","https://openalex.org/W2949952998","https://openalex.org/W2951672049","https://openalex.org/W2952468927","https://openalex.org/W2954278700","https://openalex.org/W2962881743","https://openalex.org/W2962902328","https://openalex.org/W2962985038","https://openalex.org/W2963069010","https://openalex.org/W2963153906","https://openalex.org/W2963248507","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963403868","https://openalex.org/W2963571583","https://openalex.org/W2963842982","https://openalex.org/W2963846996","https://openalex.org/W2963871484","https://openalex.org/W2964096343","https://openalex.org/W2964110616","https://openalex.org/W2964165364","https://openalex.org/W2964265128","https://openalex.org/W2964308564","https://openalex.org/W2979400990","https://openalex.org/W2981757109","https://openalex.org/W2981852735","https://openalex.org/W2982399380","https://openalex.org/W2995983533","https://openalex.org/W3003813211","https://openalex.org/W3005187732","https://openalex.org/W3011574394","https://openalex.org/W3023337184","https://openalex.org/W3032655135","https://openalex.org/W3034797437","https://openalex.org/W3034862440","https://openalex.org/W3034999214","https://openalex.org/W3035050380","https://openalex.org/W3035310376","https://openalex.org/W3035375600","https://openalex.org/W3035625205","https://openalex.org/W3044438666","https://openalex.org/W3082274269","https://openalex.org/W3088409176","https://openalex.org/W3096580779","https://openalex.org/W3098267758","https://openalex.org/W3098903812","https://openalex.org/W3099023595","https://openalex.org/W3100124407","https://openalex.org/W3100192071","https://openalex.org/W3102925419","https://openalex.org/W3103469330","https://openalex.org/W3104108644","https://openalex.org/W3104597568","https://openalex.org/W3106312823","https://openalex.org/W3114916066","https://openalex.org/W3115772171","https://openalex.org/W3120111969","https://openalex.org/W3120304799","https://openalex.org/W3120337237","https://openalex.org/W3121525843","https://openalex.org/W3126267552","https://openalex.org/W3139080614","https://openalex.org/W3152497014","https://openalex.org/W3152956381","https://openalex.org/W3153427360","https://openalex.org/W3157374291","https://openalex.org/W3160862918","https://openalex.org/W3165416482","https://openalex.org/W3166846774","https://openalex.org/W3166986030","https://openalex.org/W3167602185","https://openalex.org/W3172642864","https://openalex.org/W3173423412","https://openalex.org/W3173777717","https://openalex.org/W3174770825","https://openalex.org/W3174784402","https://openalex.org/W3175225269","https://openalex.org/W3176038554","https://openalex.org/W3176489198","https://openalex.org/W3176549752","https://openalex.org/W3177239031","https://openalex.org/W3182696977","https://openalex.org/W3184462553","https://openalex.org/W3188542058","https://openalex.org/W3197298549","https://openalex.org/W3201320181","https://openalex.org/W4205991051","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4286982826","https://openalex.org/W4287028759","https://openalex.org/W4288089799","https://openalex.org/W4292779060","https://openalex.org/W4293350112","https://openalex.org/W4297801719","https://openalex.org/W4308289706","https://openalex.org/W4309811444","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6639082767","https://openalex.org/W6678233655","https://openalex.org/W6679436768","https://openalex.org/W6680532216","https://openalex.org/W6685145238","https://openalex.org/W6737778391","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6746208923","https://openalex.org/W6752695545","https://openalex.org/W6769227307","https://openalex.org/W6778883912","https://openalex.org/W6779223579","https://openalex.org/W6792279967","https://openalex.org/W6794089841","https://openalex.org/W6796475582","https://openalex.org/W6810313920"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3202031169","https://openalex.org/W2367925007","https://openalex.org/W4288263119","https://openalex.org/W3015724364","https://openalex.org/W2967994095","https://openalex.org/W4285240985","https://openalex.org/W2900126711","https://openalex.org/W4225162083","https://openalex.org/W4286930972","https://openalex.org/W3202115945"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"In":[1,137],"the":[2,26,47,57,86,155],"era":[3],"of":[4,34,60,71,110,122,144],"deep":[5],"learning,":[6],"modeling":[7],"for":[8],"most":[9],"natural":[10],"language":[11,62],"processing":[12],"(NLP)":[13],"tasks":[14,35,52,97],"has":[15,91],"converged":[16],"into":[17],"several":[18,151],"mainstream":[19],"paradigms.":[20],"For":[21],"example,":[22],"we":[23,140],"usually":[24],"adopt":[25,46],"sequence":[27],"labeling":[28],"paradigm":[29,49,72,83,89,145],"to":[30,50,104,117,128,133,157],"solve":[31,51,158],"a":[32,68,81,101,119,130],"bundle":[33],"such":[36,142],"as":[37],"POS-tagging,":[38],"named":[39],"entity":[40],"recognition":[41],"(NER),":[42],"and":[43,45,98],"chunking,":[44],"classification":[48],"like":[53],"sentiment":[54],"analysis.":[55],"With":[56],"rapid":[58],"progress":[59],"pre-trained":[61],"models,":[63],"recent":[64,148],"years":[65],"have":[66,113,154],"witnessed":[67],"rising":[69],"trend":[70],"shift,":[73],"which":[74],"is":[75,99],"solving":[76],"one":[77],"NLP":[78,123,160],"task":[79],"in":[80,147],"new":[82],"by":[84],"reformulating":[85],"task.":[87],"The":[88],"shift":[90],"achieved":[92],"great":[93,115],"success":[94],"on":[95],"many":[96],"becoming":[100],"promising":[102],"way":[103],"improve":[105],"model":[106,132],"performance.":[107],"Moreover,":[108],"some":[109],"these":[111],"paradigms":[112,152],"shown":[114],"potential":[116,156],"unify":[118],"large":[120],"number":[121],"tasks,":[124],"making":[125],"it":[126],"possible":[127],"build":[129],"single":[131],"handle":[134],"diverse":[135],"tasks.":[136,161],"this":[138],"paper,":[139],"review":[141],"phenomenon":[143],"shifts":[146],"years,":[149],"highlighting":[150],"that":[153],"different":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T15:47:20.252518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}