{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414161442","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11548-025-03513-y","title":"Annotation-efficient deep learning detection and measurement of mediastinal lymph nodes in CT","display_name":"Annotation-efficient deep learning detection and measurement of mediastinal lymph nodes in CT","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414161442","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11548-025-03513-y","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40944829"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11548-025-03513-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11548-025-03513-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11548-025-03513-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S181408163","display_name":"International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery","issn_l":"1861-6410","issn":["1861-6410","1861-6429"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11548-025-03513-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109964569","display_name":"A. A. OLESINSKI","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197251160","display_name":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem","ror":"https://ror.org/03qxff017","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197251160"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alon Olesinski","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197251160"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103474691","display_name":"Richard J. Lederman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799899409","display_name":"Hadassah Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01cqmqj90","country_code":"IL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799899409"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Lederman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799899409"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062359850","display_name":"Yusef Azraq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2239-8203"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799899409","display_name":"Hadassah Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01cqmqj90","country_code":"IL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799899409"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yusef Azraq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799899409"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016567416","display_name":"Jacob Sosna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2400-1863"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799899409","display_name":"Hadassah Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01cqmqj90","country_code":"IL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799899409"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacob Sosna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799899409"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016547705","display_name":"Leo Joskowicz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3010-4770"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197251160","display_name":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem","ror":"https://ror.org/03qxff017","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197251160"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Leo Joskowicz","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel. josko@cs.huji.ac.il"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3010-4770","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel. josko@cs.huji.ac.il","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197251160"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016547705"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197251160"],"apc_list":{"value":3390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":4390},"apc_paid":{"value":3390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":4390},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.3236802,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"1","first_page":"103","last_page":"113"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.42489999532699585,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.42489999532699585,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.29899999499320984,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":0.061000000685453415,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.7964000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mediastinum","display_name":"Mediastinum","score":0.3865000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lymph","display_name":"Lymph","score":0.3472000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.31040000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computed-tomography","display_name":"Computed tomography","score":0.3084000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thoracic-diseases","display_name":"Thoracic diseases","score":0.29809999465942383}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7964000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6104000210762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5989000201225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.5066999793052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.445499986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779126056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q337247","display_name":"Mediastinum","level":2,"score":0.3865000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779720271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179422","display_name":"Lymph","level":2,"score":0.3472000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.34549999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.31040000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544519230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32566","display_name":"Computed tomography","level":2,"score":0.3084000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909566329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q994554","display_name":"Thoracic diseases","level":2,"score":0.29809999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2838999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018028637","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4271422","display_name":"Mediastinal mass","level":2,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71472368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q676880","display_name":"Text mining","level":2,"score":0.2597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.25859999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019831412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5778278","display_name":"Fully automatic","level":2,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003287","descriptor_name":"Contrast Media","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003287","descriptor_name":"Contrast Media","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008198","descriptor_name":"Lymph Nodes","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008198","descriptor_name":"Lymph Nodes","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008482","descriptor_name":"Mediastinum","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008482","descriptor_name":"Mediastinum","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011857","descriptor_name":"Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011857","descriptor_name":"Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11548-025-03513-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11548-025-03513-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11548-025-03513-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S181408163","display_name":"International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery","issn_l":"1861-6410","issn":["1861-6410","1861-6429"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40944829","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40944829","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12929302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12929302/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11548-025-03513-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11548-025-03513-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11548-025-03513-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S181408163","display_name":"International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery","issn_l":"1861-6410","issn":["1861-6410","1861-6429"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321950","display_name":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem","ror":"https://ror.org/03qxff017"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414161442.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414161442.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1999487092","https://openalex.org/W2002562285","https://openalex.org/W2040211532","https://openalex.org/W2066666977","https://openalex.org/W2071557457","https://openalex.org/W2111534292","https://openalex.org/W2127890285","https://openalex.org/W2129349814","https://openalex.org/W2164547129","https://openalex.org/W2794420370","https://openalex.org/W2891451067","https://openalex.org/W2922848531","https://openalex.org/W2979907638","https://openalex.org/W3014974815","https://openalex.org/W3031923721","https://openalex.org/W3033492597","https://openalex.org/W3044738063","https://openalex.org/W3097499499","https://openalex.org/W3105950366","https://openalex.org/W3112701542","https://openalex.org/W3203046931","https://openalex.org/W4255618143","https://openalex.org/W4296123082","https://openalex.org/W4308148830","https://openalex.org/W4321109296","https://openalex.org/W4383218413","https://openalex.org/W4385285064","https://openalex.org/W4391434328","https://openalex.org/W4400612561","https://openalex.org/W4401725766","https://openalex.org/W4407124315"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2361861616","https://openalex.org/W2263699433","https://openalex.org/W2377979023","https://openalex.org/W2218034408","https://openalex.org/W2411759252","https://openalex.org/W2392921965","https://openalex.org/W2358755282","https://openalex.org/W2140471736","https://openalex.org/W2181995311","https://openalex.org/W2276630319"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PURPOSE:":[0],"Manual":[1],"detection":[2],"and":[3,18,52,127,190,202,241],"measurement":[4,53,279],"of":[5,34,54,60,77,84,91,108,151,176,182,198,233,280,298,301],"structures":[6],"in":[7,12,65,196,283,304],"volumetric":[8],"scans":[9,100,179,185],"is":[10,16,140],"routine":[11],"clinical":[13],"practice":[14],"but":[15,29],"time-consuming":[17],"subject":[19],"to":[20,101,116,155,260,264,268,294],"observer":[21,252],"variability.":[22,253],"Automatic":[23],"deep":[24,45],"learning-based":[25],"solutions":[26,303],"are":[27,113],"effective":[28,293],"require":[30],"a":[31,41,97,105,135,174,266],"large":[32,106],"dataset":[33,107,153,275],"manual":[35,162],"annotations":[36,79,263],"by":[37,121],"experts.":[38],"We":[39],"present":[40],"novel":[42],"annotation-efficient":[43],"semi-supervised":[44,72,214,256],"learning":[46],"method":[47,73,147,257],"for":[48,188,193,238,246,276],"automatic":[49,278],"detection,":[50],"segmentation,":[51],"the":[55,75,81,125,143,149,157,191,213,251,273,277,296,299],"short":[56],"axis":[57],"length":[58],"(SAL)":[59],"mediastinal":[61,281],"lymph":[62],"nodes":[63],"(LNs)":[64],"contrast-enhanced":[66],"CT":[67],"(ceCT)":[68],"scans.":[69,110],"METHODS:":[70],"Our":[71,146,255],"combines":[74],"precision":[76,224],"expert":[78],"with":[80,130,173,288],"quantity":[82],"advantages":[83],"pseudolabeled":[85],"data.":[86],"It":[87],"uses":[88],"an":[89],"ensemble":[90,194],"3D":[92,137],"nnU-Net":[93,138],"models":[94,270],"trained":[95,141,271],"on":[96,104,168,272],"few":[98],"expert-annotated":[99],"generate":[102],"pseudolabels":[103,112,287],"unannotated":[109,209],"The":[111,226],"then":[114],"filtered":[115,144],"remove":[117],"false":[118],"positive":[119],"LNs":[120,123,128,240,282],"excluding":[122],"outside":[124],"mediastinum":[126],"overlapping":[129],"other":[131],"anatomical":[132,289],"structures.":[133],"Finally,":[134],"single":[136],"model":[139,228],"using":[142],"pseudo-labels.":[145],"optimizes":[148],"ratio":[150],"annotated/non-annotated":[152],"sizes":[154],"achieve":[156,265],"desired":[158],"performance,":[159],"thus":[160],"reducing":[161],"annotation":[163],"effort.":[164],"RESULTS:":[165],"Experimental":[166],"studies":[167],"three":[169],"chest":[170,284],"ceCT":[171],"datasets":[172],"total":[175],"268":[177],"annotated":[178],"(1817":[180],"LNs),":[181],"which":[183],"134":[184,203],"were":[186,218],"used":[187],"testing":[189],"remaining":[192],"training":[195],"batches":[197],"17,":[199],"34,":[200],"67,":[201],"scans,":[204,210],"as":[205,207],"well":[206],"710":[208],"show":[211],"that":[212],"models'":[215],"recall":[216],"improvements":[217],"11-24%":[219],"(0.72-0.87)":[220],"while":[221],"maintaining":[222],"comparable":[223],"levels.":[225],"best":[227],"achieved":[229],"mean":[230],"SAL":[231],"differences":[232],"1.65":[234],"\u00b1":[235,243],"0.92":[236],"mm":[237,245],"normal":[239],"4.25":[242],"4.98":[244],"enlarged":[247],"LNs,":[248],"both":[249],"within":[250],"CONCLUSION:":[254],"requires":[258],"one-fourth":[259],"one-eighth":[261],"less":[262],"performance":[267],"supervised":[269],"same":[274],"ceCT.":[285],"Using":[286],"filtering":[290],"may":[291],"be":[292],"overcome":[295],"challenges":[297],"development":[300],"AI-based":[302],"radiology.":[305]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T06:13:01.061226","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
