{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410234923","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11548-025-03370-9","title":"Shortcut learning leads to sex bias in deep learning models for photoacoustic tomography","display_name":"Shortcut learning leads to sex bias in deep learning models for photoacoustic tomography","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410234923","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11548-025-03370-9","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40343639"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11548-025-03370-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11548-025-03370-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11548-025-03370-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S181408163","display_name":"International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery","issn_l":"1861-6410","issn":["1861-6410","1861-6429"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11548-025-03370-9.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111118801","display_name":"Marcel Knopp","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17937529","display_name":"German Cancer Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04cdgtt98","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I17937529"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I85384741","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rcqnp59","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I85384741"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marcel Knopp","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Intelligent Medical Systems (IMSY), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. marcel.knopp@dkfz-heidelberg.de","Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany. marcel.knopp@dkfz-heidelberg.de"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8754-5811","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Intelligent Medical Systems (IMSY), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. marcel.knopp@dkfz-heidelberg.de","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17937529","https://openalex.org/I223822909"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany. marcel.knopp@dkfz-heidelberg.de","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85384741","https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084119755","display_name":"Christoph J Bender","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5432-774X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17937529","display_name":"German Cancer Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04cdgtt98","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I17937529"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802164966","display_name":"University Hospital Heidelberg","ror":"https://ror.org/013czdx64","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802164966"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph J. Bender","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Intelligent Medical Systems (IMSY), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany","Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5432-774X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Intelligent Medical Systems (IMSY), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17937529","https://openalex.org/I223822909"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223822909","https://openalex.org/I2802164966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021804591","display_name":"Niklas Holzwarth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4440-2047"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17937529","display_name":"German Cancer Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04cdgtt98","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I17937529"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niklas Holzwarth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Intelligent Medical Systems (IMSY), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany","Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4440-2047","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Intelligent Medical Systems (IMSY), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17937529","https://openalex.org/I223822909"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100421757","display_name":"Yi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2304-5802"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181369854","display_name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7hpc57","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088053","display_name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen","ror":"https://ror.org/0030f2a11","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088053"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854","https://openalex.org/I4210088053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113061136","display_name":"Julius Kempf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7036-6310"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181369854","display_name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7hpc57","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088053","display_name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen","ror":"https://ror.org/0030f2a11","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088053"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julius Kempf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854","https://openalex.org/I4210088053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093091413","display_name":"Milenko Caranovic","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181369854","display_name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7hpc57","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088053","display_name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen","ror":"https://ror.org/0030f2a11","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088053"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Milenko Caranovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854","https://openalex.org/I4210088053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042005180","display_name":"Ferdinand Knieling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3535-2626"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088053","display_name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen","ror":"https://ror.org/0030f2a11","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088053"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ferdinand Knieling","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU, Erlangen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3535-2626","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022323792","display_name":"Werner Lang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4114-7589"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181369854","display_name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7hpc57","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088053","display_name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen","ror":"https://ror.org/0030f2a11","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088053"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Werner Lang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4114-7589","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854","https://openalex.org/I4210088053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061481045","display_name":"Ulrich Rother","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4016-5673"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181369854","display_name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7hpc57","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088053","display_name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen","ror":"https://ror.org/0030f2a11","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088053"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ulrich Rother","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4016-5673","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854","https://openalex.org/I4210088053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080028621","display_name":"Alexander Seitel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5919-9646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17937529","display_name":"German Cancer Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04cdgtt98","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I17937529"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802164966","display_name":"University Hospital Heidelberg","ror":"https://ror.org/013czdx64","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802164966"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111460","display_name":"National Center for Tumor Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/01txwsw02","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111460"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Seitel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Intelligent Medical Systems (IMSY), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany","National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a Partnership Between DKFZ and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5919-9646","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Intelligent Medical Systems (IMSY), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17937529","https://openalex.org/I223822909"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a Partnership Between DKFZ and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111460","https://openalex.org/I223822909","https://openalex.org/I2802164966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023493127","display_name":"Lena Maier\u2010Hein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4910-9368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17937529","display_name":"German Cancer Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04cdgtt98","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I17937529"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802164966","display_name":"University Hospital Heidelberg","ror":"https://ror.org/013czdx64","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802164966"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111460","display_name":"National Center for Tumor Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/01txwsw02","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111460"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lena Maier-Hein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Intelligent Medical Systems (IMSY), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany","Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany","Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany","National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a Partnership Between DKFZ and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4910-9368","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Intelligent Medical Systems (IMSY), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17937529","https://openalex.org/I223822909"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223822909","https://openalex.org/I2802164966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a Partnership Between DKFZ and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111460","https://openalex.org/I223822909","https://openalex.org/I2802164966"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014296305","display_name":"Kris K. Dreher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9179-9414"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17937529","display_name":"German Cancer Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04cdgtt98","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I17937529"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kris K. Dreher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Intelligent Medical Systems (IMSY), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany","Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9179-9414","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Intelligent Medical Systems (IMSY), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17937529","https://openalex.org/I223822909"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111118801"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17937529","https://openalex.org/I223822909","https://openalex.org/I85384741"],"apc_list":{"value":3390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":4390},"apc_paid":{"value":3390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":4390},"fwci":1.039,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72886519,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"7","first_page":"1325","last_page":"1333"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12015","display_name":"Photoacoustic and Ultrasonic Imaging","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12015","display_name":"Photoacoustic and Ultrasonic Imaging","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12994","display_name":"Infrared Thermography in Medicine","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11856","display_name":"Thermography and Photoacoustic Techniques","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6609406471252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5953861474990845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5911411046981812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.573296308517456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5363792777061462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5073525309562683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.47571760416030884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.468448668718338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.21242567896842957}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6609406471252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5953861474990845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5911411046981812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.573296308517456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5363792777061462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5073525309562683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.47571760416030884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.468448668718338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.21242567896842957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014054","descriptor_name":"Tomography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014054","descriptor_name":"Tomography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014054","descriptor_name":"Tomography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014054","descriptor_name":"Tomography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D058729","descriptor_name":"Peripheral Arterial Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D058729","descriptor_name":"Peripheral Arterial Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D058729","descriptor_name":"Peripheral Arterial Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D058729","descriptor_name":"Peripheral Arterial Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D061088","descriptor_name":"Photoacoustic Techniques","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D061088","descriptor_name":"Photoacoustic Techniques","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D061088","descriptor_name":"Photoacoustic Techniques","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D061088","descriptor_name":"Photoacoustic Techniques","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D063507","descriptor_name":"Sexism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D063507","descriptor_name":"Sexism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D063507","descriptor_name":"Sexism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D063507","descriptor_name":"Sexism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11548-025-03370-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11548-025-03370-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11548-025-03370-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S181408163","display_name":"International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery","issn_l":"1861-6410","issn":["1861-6410","1861-6429"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40343639","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40343639","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:open.fau.de:openfau/36706","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://open.fau.de/handle/openfau/36706","pdf_url":"https://open.fau.de/bitstreams/e7e48abb-425e-419f-b1b8-669e403759c1/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055110","display_name":"OPUS FAU - Online publication system of Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12226672","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12226672","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12226672/pdf/11548_2025_Article_3370.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11548-025-03370-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11548-025-03370-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11548-025-03370-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S181408163","display_name":"International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery","issn_l":"1861-6410","issn":["1861-6410","1861-6429"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1560739324","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101002198","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4370369236","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101002198","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338453","funder_display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7842005466","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon 2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338453","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410234923.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410234923.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2055728271","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2157048271","https://openalex.org/W2193493665","https://openalex.org/W2750096260","https://openalex.org/W2796295063","https://openalex.org/W2806047578","https://openalex.org/W2897110362","https://openalex.org/W2943148104","https://openalex.org/W3030030520","https://openalex.org/W3048997590","https://openalex.org/W3097635969","https://openalex.org/W3099647741","https://openalex.org/W3129087662","https://openalex.org/W3145444543","https://openalex.org/W3161135140","https://openalex.org/W4226434195","https://openalex.org/W4302307280","https://openalex.org/W4384663506","https://openalex.org/W4386362637","https://openalex.org/W4387097385","https://openalex.org/W4387211873","https://openalex.org/W4387770388","https://openalex.org/W4390031583","https://openalex.org/W4391756091","https://openalex.org/W4392122023","https://openalex.org/W4402858697","https://openalex.org/W4403052388"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W4391621807","https://openalex.org/W2611989081","https://openalex.org/W4321487865","https://openalex.org/W4313906399","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3103566983","https://openalex.org/W4380075502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PURPOSE:":[0],"Shortcut":[1],"learning":[2,58,194,222,241],"has":[3],"been":[4],"identified":[5],"as":[6,42],"a":[7,43],"source":[8],"of":[9,145,192,200],"algorithmic":[10],"unfairness":[11],"in":[12,59,176,220,247],"medical":[13,249],"imaging":[14,98],"artificial":[15],"intelligence":[16],"(AI),":[17],"but":[18],"its":[19],"impact":[20,105],"on":[21,152,215],"photoacoustic":[22],"tomography":[23],"(PAT),":[24],"particularly":[25],"concerning":[26],"sex":[27,53,96,120,136,208],"bias,":[28],"remains":[29],"underexplored.":[30],"This":[31],"study":[32,126],"investigates":[33],"this":[34],"issue":[35],"using":[36],"peripheral":[37],"artery":[38],"disease":[39,157],"(PAD)":[40],"diagnosis":[41,107,206],"specific":[44],"clinical":[45],"application.":[46],"METHODS:":[47],"To":[48],"examine":[49],"the":[50,95,135,180,197,248],"potential":[51],"for":[52,244],"bias":[54],"due":[55],"to":[56,164,169,228],"shortcut":[57,193,221,240],"convolutional":[60],"neural":[61],"network":[62],"(CNNs)":[63],"and":[64,76,109,114,121,207,230,238,255],"assess":[65],"how":[66,101,116],"such":[67],"biases":[68],"might":[69],"affect":[70],"diagnostic":[71,232],"predictions,":[72],"we":[73,88,189],"created":[74],"training":[75,181],"test":[77,171],"datasets":[78],"with":[79,127,154],"varying":[80],"PAD":[81,106,122,148,205],"prevalence":[82,103,158,178,236],"between":[83,112,186,204],"sexes.":[84,187],"Using":[85],"these":[86],"datasets,":[87],"explored":[89],"(1)":[90],"whether":[91],"CNNs":[92,118,132],"can":[93,133],"classify":[94,134],"from":[97,137],"data,":[99],"(2)":[100],"sex-specific":[102,156,177],"shifts":[104],"performance":[108,161],"underdiagnosis":[110,184],"disparity":[111],"sexes,":[113],"(3)":[115],"similarly":[117],"encode":[119],"features.":[123],"RESULTS:":[124],"Our":[125],"147":[128],"individuals":[129],"demonstrates":[130],"that":[131,251],"calf":[138],"muscle":[139],"PAT":[140,216],"images,":[141],"achieving":[142],"an":[143],"AUROC":[144],"0.75.":[146],"For":[147],"diagnosis,":[149],"models":[150,213,246],"trained":[151,214],"data":[153,182,217],"imbalanced":[155],"experienced":[159],"significant":[160],"drops":[162],"(up":[163],"0.21":[165],"AUROC)":[166],"when":[167],"applied":[168],"balanced":[170],"sets.":[172],"Additionally,":[173],"greater":[174],"imbalances":[175,237],"within":[179],"exacerbated":[183],"disparities":[185],"Finally,":[188],"identify":[190],"evidence":[191],"by":[195,223],"demonstrating":[196],"effective":[198],"reuse":[199],"learned":[201],"feature":[202],"representations":[203],"classification":[209],"tasks.":[210],"CONCLUSION:":[211],"CNN-based":[212],"may":[218],"engage":[219],"leveraging":[224],"sex-related":[225],"features,":[226],"leading":[227],"biased":[229],"unreliable":[231],"predictions.":[233],"Addressing":[234],"demographic-specific":[235],"preventing":[239],"is":[242],"critical":[243],"developing":[245],"field":[250],"are":[252],"both":[253],"accurate":[254],"equitable":[256],"across":[257],"diverse":[258],"patient":[259],"populations.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-18T07:39:51.176621","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}