{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391995868","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11548-024-03071-9","title":"Generative pretrained transformer-4, an artificial intelligence text predictive model, has a high capability for passing novel written radiology exam questions","display_name":"Generative pretrained transformer-4, an artificial intelligence text predictive model, has a high capability for passing novel written radiology exam questions","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391995868","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11548-024-03071-9","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38381363"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11548-024-03071-9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11548-024-03071-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S181408163","display_name":"International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery","issn_l":"1861-6410","issn":["1861-6410","1861-6429"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044955268","display_name":"Avnish Sood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8549-8659"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Avnish Sood","raw_affiliation_strings":["King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8549-8659","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011502507","display_name":"Nina Mansoor","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153400","display_name":"King's College Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/044nptt90","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111135","https://openalex.org/I4210153400"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nina Mansoor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neuroradiology, Kings College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE59RS, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neuroradiology, Kings College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE59RS, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153400"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062739653","display_name":"Caroline Memmi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caroline Memmi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005311425","display_name":"Magnus Lynch","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298207432","display_name":"Guy's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04r33pf22","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298207432","https://openalex.org/I200166805","https://openalex.org/I4210111135"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Magnus Lynch","raw_affiliation_strings":["King's College London Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK","St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King's College London Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753","https://openalex.org/I1298207432"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030480524","display_name":"Jeremy Lynch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1476-0612"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153400","display_name":"King's College Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/044nptt90","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111135","https://openalex.org/I4210153400"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jeremy Lynch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neuroradiology, Kings College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE59RS, UK. jeremy.lynch@gmail.com","Department of Neuroradiology, Kings College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE59RS, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1476-0612","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neuroradiology, Kings College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE59RS, UK. jeremy.lynch@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153400"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neuroradiology, Kings College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE59RS, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153400"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030480524"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153400"],"apc_list":{"value":3390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":4390},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1227,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87450211,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"4","first_page":"645","last_page":"653"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9538999795913696,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9538999795913696,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11894","display_name":"Radiology practices and education","score":0.017999999225139618,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.004100000020116568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6675581932067871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.6273626089096069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.5896773338317871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5646818280220032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4568120241165161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.40398356318473816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11116945743560791}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6675581932067871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.6273626089096069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.5896773338317871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5646818280220032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4568120241165161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.40398356318473816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11116945743560791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011871","descriptor_name":"Radiology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011871","descriptor_name":"Radiology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011871","descriptor_name":"Radiology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11548-024-03071-9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11548-024-03071-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S181408163","display_name":"International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery","issn_l":"1861-6410","issn":["1861-6410","1861-6429"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38381363","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38381363","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2996287395","https://openalex.org/W3099943299","https://openalex.org/W3150212014","https://openalex.org/W4223974852","https://openalex.org/W4229036772","https://openalex.org/W4283803485","https://openalex.org/W4309674289","https://openalex.org/W4312067799","https://openalex.org/W4319460874","https://openalex.org/W4360806508","https://openalex.org/W4366368023","https://openalex.org/W4383680008"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-04-29T09:16:38.111599","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
