{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4379278568","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11548-023-02951-w","title":"Combining seeded region growing and k-nearest neighbours for the segmentation of routinely acquired spatio-temporal image data","display_name":"Combining seeded region growing and k-nearest neighbours for the segmentation of routinely acquired spatio-temporal image data","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4379278568","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11548-023-02951-w","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37270742"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11548-023-02951-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11548-023-02951-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11548-023-02951-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S181408163","display_name":"International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery","issn_l":"1861-6410","issn":["1861-6410","1861-6429"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11548-023-02951-w.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054319318","display_name":"Lukas Zerweck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2006-3936"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107844","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology","ror":"https://ror.org/01s1h3j07","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107844","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lukas Zerweck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Frankfurt am Main, 60596, Germany. lukas.zerweck@itmp.fraunhofer.de","Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt am Main, 60596, Germany. lukas.zerweck@itmp.fraunhofer.de","Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Frankfurt am Main, Germany","Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2006-3936","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Frankfurt am Main, 60596, Germany. lukas.zerweck@itmp.fraunhofer.de","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107844"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt am Main, 60596, Germany. lukas.zerweck@itmp.fraunhofer.de","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107844"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Frankfurt am Main, Germany","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107844"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041063585","display_name":"Stefan Wesarg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2073-6010"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019423309","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04gmsar03","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019423309","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107844","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology","ror":"https://ror.org/01s1h3j07","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107844","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Wesarg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Frankfurt am Main, 60596, Germany","Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD, Darmstadt, 64283, Germany","Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Frankfurt am Main, Germany","Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD, Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2073-6010","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Frankfurt am Main, 60596, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107844"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD, Darmstadt, 64283, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019423309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Frankfurt am Main, Germany","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD, Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019423309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086395951","display_name":"J\u00f6rn Kohlhammer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1706-8979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019423309","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04gmsar03","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019423309","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107844","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology","ror":"https://ror.org/01s1h3j07","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107844","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J\u00f6rn Kohlhammer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Frankfurt am Main, 60596, Germany","Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD, Darmstadt, 64283, Germany","Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Frankfurt am Main, Germany","Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD, Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1706-8979","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Frankfurt am Main, 60596, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107844"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD, Darmstadt, 64283, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019423309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Frankfurt am Main, Germany","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD, Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019423309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029412055","display_name":"Michaela K\u00f6hm","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3579-5574"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114090438","display_name":"Goethe University Frankfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/04cvxnb49","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107844","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology","ror":"https://ror.org/01s1h3j07","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107844","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michaela K\u00f6hm","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Rheumatology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany","Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Frankfurt am Main, 60596, Germany","Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt am Main, 60596, Germany","Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Frankfurt am Main, Germany","Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3579-5574","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Rheumatology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Frankfurt am Main, 60596, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107844"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt am Main, 60596, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107844"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Frankfurt am Main, Germany","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107844"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054319318"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107844"],"apc_list":{"value":4390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4390},"apc_paid":{"value":4390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4390},"fwci":0.466,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59556878,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"11","first_page":"2063","last_page":"2072"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.8568000197410583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.8568000197410583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10105","display_name":"Osteoarthritis Treatment and Mechanisms","score":0.013500000350177288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2745","display_name":"Rheumatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12994","display_name":"Infrared Thermography in Medicine","score":0.009100000374019146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6692092418670654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5940424203872681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5446824431419373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5264899134635925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier","display_name":"Outlier","score":0.5072523951530457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/s\u00f8rensen\u2013dice-coefficient","display_name":"S\u00f8rensen\u2013Dice coefficient","score":0.4627646803855896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-set","display_name":"Data set","score":0.45175209641456604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.4408888518810272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.377139151096344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.35238805413246155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.34029486775398254}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6692092418670654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5940424203872681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5446824431419373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5264899134635925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.5072523951530457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163892561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2613728","display_name":"S\u00f8rensen\u2013Dice coefficient","level":4,"score":0.4627646803855896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.45175209641456604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.4408888518810272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.377139151096344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.35238805413246155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.34029486775398254}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D061848","descriptor_name":"Optical Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D062211","descriptor_name":"Spatio-Temporal Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11548-023-02951-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11548-023-02951-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11548-023-02951-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S181408163","display_name":"International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery","issn_l":"1861-6410","issn":["1861-6410","1861-6429"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37270742","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37270742","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10589180","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10589180","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10589180/pdf/11548_2023_Article_2951.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/445462","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/445462","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11548-023-02951-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11548-023-02951-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11548-023-02951-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S181408163","display_name":"International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery","issn_l":"1861-6410","issn":["1861-6410","1861-6429"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6000000238418579}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4730627102","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Institut f\u00fcr Translationale Medizin und Pharmakologie","ror":"https://ror.org/01s1h3j07"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4379278568.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981537987","https://openalex.org/W1987869189","https://openalex.org/W2010115471","https://openalex.org/W2034045389","https://openalex.org/W2096579040","https://openalex.org/W2122111042","https://openalex.org/W2128251461","https://openalex.org/W2128755391","https://openalex.org/W2138205176","https://openalex.org/W2567492037","https://openalex.org/W3035965352","https://openalex.org/W3099878876","https://openalex.org/W3115754187","https://openalex.org/W4313828947"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4390662392","https://openalex.org/W71955863","https://openalex.org/W2359185137","https://openalex.org/W2610918223","https://openalex.org/W4313044406","https://openalex.org/W2085200861","https://openalex.org/W2789383625","https://openalex.org/W2567300168","https://openalex.org/W1511472911","https://openalex.org/W3201505834"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PURPOSE:":[0],"The":[1],"acquisition":[2],"conditions":[3],"of":[4,67,140,161,166,187,195,271],"medical":[5],"imaging":[6,52,74],"are":[7,207],"often":[8],"precisely":[9],"defined,":[10],"leading":[11],"to":[12,28,32,41,224,235],"a":[13,34,60,78,95,135,144,155,225,258],"high":[14],"homogeneity":[15],"among":[16],"different":[17],"data":[18,85,129,145,171,185,244],"sets.":[19,172],"Nonetheless,":[20],"outliers":[21],"or":[22,150],"artefacts":[23],"still":[24],"appear":[25],"and":[26,65,89,109,118,231,246,256],"need":[27,40],"be":[29,253],"reliably":[30],"detected":[31],"ensure":[33],"reliable":[35],"diagnosis.":[36],"Thus,":[37,125],"the":[38,63,101,169,179,198,216,229,242,268],"algorithms":[39],"handle":[42],"small":[43,79,221],"sample":[44,80],"sizes":[45],"especially,":[46],"when":[47],"working":[48],"with":[49,86,241],"domain":[50],"specific":[51],"modalities.":[53],"METHODS:":[54],"In":[55],"this":[56],"work,":[57],"we":[58,105,153],"suggest":[59],"pipeline":[61],"for":[62,100,142,163,197,267],"detection":[64,270],"segmentation":[66,180,200],"light":[68,97,148],"pollution":[69,98,247],"in":[70,228,239,261],"near-infrared":[71],"fluorescence":[72],"optical":[73],"(NIR-FOI),":[75],"based":[76],"on":[77,127,220],"size.":[81],"NIR-FOI":[82,266],"produces":[83],"spatio-temporal":[84],"two":[87,208],"spatial":[88],"one":[90],"temporal":[91,123],"dimension.":[92],"To":[93],"calculate":[94],"two-dimensional":[96],"map":[99],"entire":[102,122],"image":[103],"stack,":[104],"combine":[106],"region":[107],"growing":[108],"k-nearest":[110],"neighbours":[111],"(kNN),":[112],"which":[113],"classifies":[114],"pixels":[115],"into":[116],"fore-":[117],"background":[119],"by":[120],"its":[121],"component.":[124],"decision-making":[126],"reduced":[128],"is":[130],"omitted.":[131],"RESULTS:":[132],"We":[133],"achieved":[134],"[Formula:":[136,157],"see":[137,158],"text]":[138,159],"score":[139,160,230],"0.99":[141],"classifying":[143],"set":[146,245],"as":[147],"polluted":[149,170,184],"pollution-free.":[151],"Additionally,":[152],"reached":[154],"total":[156],"0.90":[162],"detecting":[164],"regions":[165],"interest":[167],"within":[168,273],"Finally,":[173],"an":[174],"average":[175],"Dice's":[176,193],"coefficient":[177,194],"measuring":[178],"performance":[181],"over":[182],"all":[183],"sets":[186],"0.80":[188,196],"was":[189],"accomplished.":[190],"CONCLUSIONS:":[191],"A":[192],"area":[199,248],"does":[201],"not":[202],"seem":[203],"perfect.":[204],"However,":[205,238],"there":[206],"main":[209],"factors,":[210],"besides":[211],"true":[212],"prediction":[213],"errors,":[214],"lowering":[215],"score:":[217],"Segmentation":[218],"mistakes":[219],"areas":[222],"lead":[223],"rapid":[226],"decrease":[227],"labelling":[232],"errors":[233],"due":[234],"complex":[236],"data.":[237],"combination":[240],"light-polluted":[243],"detection,":[249],"these":[250],"results":[251],"can":[252],"considered":[254],"successful":[255],"play":[257],"key":[259],"role":[260],"our":[262],"general":[263],"goal:":[264],"Exploiting":[265],"early":[269],"arthritis":[272],"hand":[274],"joints.":[275]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}