{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2063127798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-007-0212-z","title":"The differential diagnosis of vertical strabismus from prism cover test data using an artificially intelligent expert system","display_name":"The differential diagnosis of vertical strabismus from prism cover test data using an artificially intelligent expert system","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-07-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2063127798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-007-0212-z","mag":"2063127798","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17611788"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11517-007-0212-z","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-007-0212-z","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S46300952","display_name":"Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing","issn_l":"0140-0118","issn":["0140-0118","1741-0444"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035507294","display_name":"Anthony C. Fisher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9086-8812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802775644","display_name":"Royal Liverpool University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01ycr6b80","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802729160","https://openalex.org/I2802775644"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anthony C. Fisher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Engineering, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK. a.c.fisher@liv.ac.uk","Royal Liverpool University Hospital;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Engineering, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK. a.c.fisher@liv.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802775644","https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal Liverpool University Hospital;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802775644","https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042425327","display_name":"Arvind Chandna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8554-6931"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802775644","display_name":"Royal Liverpool University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01ycr6b80","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802729160","https://openalex.org/I2802775644"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arvind Chandna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vision Assessment Unit, Department of Paediatric Ophthalmology, Royal Liverpool Children\u2019s Hospital, Eaton Road, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK","Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vision Assessment Unit, Department of Paediatric Ophthalmology, Royal Liverpool Children\u2019s Hospital, Eaton Road, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802775644","https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029700482","display_name":"I. Cunningham","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802775644","display_name":"Royal Liverpool University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01ycr6b80","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802729160","https://openalex.org/I2802775644"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian P. Cunningham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vision Assessment Unit, Department of Paediatric Ophthalmology, Royal Liverpool Children\u2019s Hospital, Eaton Road, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK","Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vision Assessment Unit, Department of Paediatric Ophthalmology, Royal Liverpool Children\u2019s Hospital, Eaton Road, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802775644","https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035507294"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781","https://openalex.org/I2802775644"],"apc_list":{"value":2890,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3690},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5888,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73523937,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"7","first_page":"689","last_page":"693"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.9853000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.9853000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11538","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Eye Disorders","score":0.979200005531311,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strabismus","display_name":"Strabismus","score":0.7607700824737549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prism","display_name":"Prism","score":0.7594411373138428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5555527210235596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.5248953104019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cover","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","score":0.4994354248046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matlab","display_name":"MATLAB","score":0.4517367482185364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.4446163475513458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-data","display_name":"Test data","score":0.4183543622493744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39683011174201965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optometry","display_name":"Optometry","score":0.3605403006076813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.27034494280815125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1489124298095703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.14461088180541992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.13861268758773804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmology","display_name":"Ophthalmology","score":0.12469038367271423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1185392439365387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1024537980556488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.0865912139415741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.08059978485107422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.07780414819717407}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776864138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7620839","display_name":"Strabismus","level":2,"score":0.7607700824737549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67666897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165896","display_name":"Prism","level":2,"score":0.7594411373138428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5555527210235596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5248953104019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4994354248046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780365114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169478","display_name":"MATLAB","level":2,"score":0.4517367482185364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.4446163475513458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16910744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705759","display_name":"Test data","level":2,"score":0.4183543622493744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39683011174201965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.3605403006076813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.27034494280815125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1489124298095703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.14461088180541992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.13861268758773804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.12469038367271423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1185392439365387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1024537980556488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.0865912139415741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.08059978485107422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.07780414819717407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003936","descriptor_name":"Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003936","descriptor_name":"Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003936","descriptor_name":"Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003936","descriptor_name":"Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003936","descriptor_name":"Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003936","descriptor_name":"Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003937","descriptor_name":"Diagnosis, Differential","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003937","descriptor_name":"Diagnosis, Differential","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003937","descriptor_name":"Diagnosis, Differential","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005103","descriptor_name":"Expert Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005103","descriptor_name":"Expert Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005103","descriptor_name":"Expert Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013285","descriptor_name":"Strabismus","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013285","descriptor_name":"Strabismus","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013285","descriptor_name":"Strabismus","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11517-007-0212-z","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-007-0212-z","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S46300952","display_name":"Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing","issn_l":"0140-0118","issn":["0140-0118","1741-0444"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:17611788","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17611788","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical & biological engineering & computing","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W36932578","https://openalex.org/W645475765","https://openalex.org/W1501691732","https://openalex.org/W1528140509","https://openalex.org/W1554663460","https://openalex.org/W2067094972","https://openalex.org/W2142902245","https://openalex.org/W4388297464"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1017828488","https://openalex.org/W2353433747","https://openalex.org/W2348055677","https://openalex.org/W2428653935","https://openalex.org/W2188212257","https://openalex.org/W2322471914","https://openalex.org/W3211149338","https://openalex.org/W2414458862","https://openalex.org/W2600384579","https://openalex.org/W3202459237"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-01-13T01:12:25.745995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}