{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7147341565","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-025-4811-2","title":"Securing the low-altitude economy: a survey","display_name":"Securing the low-altitude economy: a survey","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7147341565","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-025-4811-2"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11432-025-4811-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-025-4811-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210218743","display_name":"Science China Information Sciences","issn_l":"1674-733X","issn":["1674-733X","1869-1919"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science China Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-025-4811-2","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034833134","display_name":"Minrui Yan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57093077","display_name":"Swinburne University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/031rekg67","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minrui Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science, Computing and Emerging Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, 3122, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science, Computing and Emerging Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, 3122, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064232110","display_name":"Ruiqi Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0553-3023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57093077","display_name":"Swinburne University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/031rekg67","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruiqi Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science, Computing and Emerging Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, 3122, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science, Computing and Emerging Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, 3122, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083874423","display_name":"Qing\u2010Long Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7207-0716"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57093077","display_name":"Swinburne University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/031rekg67","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qing-Long Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science, Computing and Emerging Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, 3122, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science, Computing and Emerging Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, 3122, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132579023","display_name":"Zehang Deng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57093077","display_name":"Swinburne University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/031rekg67","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zehang Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science, Computing and Emerging Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, 3122, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science, Computing and Emerging Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, 3122, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011383481","display_name":"Wanlun Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6305-1740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57093077","display_name":"Swinburne University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/031rekg67","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanlun Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science, Computing and Emerging Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, 3122, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science, Computing and Emerging Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, 3122, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132669622","display_name":"Xiaogang Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","display_name":"The University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57093077","display_name":"Swinburne University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/031rekg67","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaogang Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Information Technology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia","School of Science, Computing and Emerging Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, 3122, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Information Technology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science, Computing and Emerging Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, 3122, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132600148","display_name":"Wei Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57093077","display_name":"Swinburne University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/031rekg67","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science, Computing and Emerging Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, 3122, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science, Computing and Emerging Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, 3122, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124057049","display_name":"Sheng Wen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57093077","display_name":"Swinburne University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/031rekg67","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheng Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science, Computing and Emerging Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, 3122, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science, Computing and Emerging Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, 3122, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132617932","display_name":"Yang Xiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57093077","display_name":"Swinburne University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/031rekg67","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science, Computing and Emerging Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, 3122, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science, Computing and Emerging Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, 3122, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083874423"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95063844,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"4","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.843500018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.843500018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.01510000042617321,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11489","display_name":"Air Traffic Management and Optimization","score":0.012500000186264515,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drone","display_name":"Drone","score":0.539900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.4519999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.44179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.3619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-through-obscurity","display_name":"Security through obscurity","score":0.3443000018596649}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6661999821662903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59519942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650665","display_name":"Drone","level":2,"score":0.539900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46709999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4519999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.44179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114869243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133735","display_name":"Security through obscurity","level":5,"score":0.3443000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.34209999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.32899999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62913178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554361","display_name":"Software security assurance","level":4,"score":0.32030001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29852176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373338","display_name":"Critical infrastructure","level":2,"score":0.2913999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.2578999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.2565999925136566}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11432-025-4811-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-025-4811-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210218743","display_name":"Science China Information Sciences","issn_l":"1674-733X","issn":["1674-733X","1869-1919"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science China Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11432-025-4811-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-025-4811-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210218743","display_name":"Science China Information Sciences","issn_l":"1674-733X","issn":["1674-733X","1869-1919"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science China Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":79,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2037437396","https://openalex.org/W2342656438","https://openalex.org/W2519293460","https://openalex.org/W2543296129","https://openalex.org/W2566763967","https://openalex.org/W2594877703","https://openalex.org/W2605113678","https://openalex.org/W2889655092","https://openalex.org/W2890519000","https://openalex.org/W2910780793","https://openalex.org/W2911432304","https://openalex.org/W2913096406","https://openalex.org/W2943110796","https://openalex.org/W2957598650","https://openalex.org/W2963783815","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2964082701","https://openalex.org/W2990160442","https://openalex.org/W2999110477","https://openalex.org/W3004044421","https://openalex.org/W3011834181","https://openalex.org/W3094603038","https://openalex.org/W3143465836","https://openalex.org/W3166148807","https://openalex.org/W3191453585","https://openalex.org/W3196302005","https://openalex.org/W3202738716","https://openalex.org/W3207184289","https://openalex.org/W4205336239","https://openalex.org/W4205550683","https://openalex.org/W4206411988","https://openalex.org/W4210298858","https://openalex.org/W4210660460","https://openalex.org/W4221138784","https://openalex.org/W4281289204","https://openalex.org/W4282945617","https://openalex.org/W4283027853","https://openalex.org/W4289146347","https://openalex.org/W4289520498","https://openalex.org/W4294811443","https://openalex.org/W4295832432","https://openalex.org/W4296131168","https://openalex.org/W4296826072","https://openalex.org/W4303627857","https://openalex.org/W4312980360","https://openalex.org/W4313334187","https://openalex.org/W4319009136","https://openalex.org/W4365420889","https://openalex.org/W4380084917","https://openalex.org/W4385076331","https://openalex.org/W4385805359","https://openalex.org/W4385980805","https://openalex.org/W4391568821","https://openalex.org/W4391697034","https://openalex.org/W4391887615","https://openalex.org/W4392797672","https://openalex.org/W4394620578","https://openalex.org/W4396571420","https://openalex.org/W4400379187","https://openalex.org/W4400447526","https://openalex.org/W4401055692","https://openalex.org/W4401361440","https://openalex.org/W4402258687","https://openalex.org/W4403563847","https://openalex.org/W4404293760","https://openalex.org/W4405198626","https://openalex.org/W4406278213","https://openalex.org/W4406610709","https://openalex.org/W4407193728","https://openalex.org/W4407236106","https://openalex.org/W4407638341","https://openalex.org/W4409111590","https://openalex.org/W4409190069","https://openalex.org/W4409897540","https://openalex.org/W4410159116","https://openalex.org/W4410394431","https://openalex.org/W4410866793","https://openalex.org/W4411632507","https://openalex.org/W4412046594"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1],"rapid":[2],"growth":[3],"of":[4,100],"the":[5,163],"low-altitude":[6,107,165],"economy,":[7],"including":[8,138],"unmanned":[9],"aerial":[10,131],"vehicles":[11],"(UAVs)":[12],"and":[13,32,39,49,66,104,119,144,154],"urban":[14],"air":[15],"mobility":[16],"(UAM),":[17],"is":[18,91],"reshaping":[19],"industries":[20],"from":[21],"transportation":[22],"to":[23,72,128,150],"emergency":[24],"response.":[25],"Powered":[26],"by":[27],"advances":[28],"in":[29,61,106,156],"fifth-generation":[30],"(5G)":[31],"5G-advanced":[33],"(5.5G)":[34],"connectivity,":[35],"artificial":[36],"intelligence":[37],"(AI),":[38],"new":[40],"energy":[41],"systems,":[42],"these":[43],"platforms":[44],"are":[45],"becoming":[46],"increasingly":[47],"autonomous":[48],"capable.":[50],"However,":[51],"their":[52],"growing":[53],"software":[54],"complexity":[55],"introduces":[56],"critical":[57],"cybersecurity":[58],"risks.":[59],"Vulnerabilities":[60],"communication":[62,140],"protocols,":[63,141],"onboard":[64],"firmware,":[65,118],"AI":[67,120],"systems":[68],"can":[69],"be":[70],"exploited":[71],"hijack":[73],"UAVs,":[74],"disrupt":[75],"operations,":[76],"or":[77],"leak":[78],"sensitive":[79],"data.":[80],"While":[81],"research":[82],"has":[83],"addressed":[84],"isolated":[85],"aspects,":[86],"a":[87,97],"unified":[88],"security":[89,102,160],"perspective":[90],"still":[92],"lacking.":[93],"This":[94],"work":[95,148],"presents":[96],"systematic":[98],"review":[99],"software-level":[101],"challenges":[103],"defenses":[105],"UAV/UAM":[108],"systems.":[109],"We":[110],"first":[111],"categorize":[112],"major":[113],"attack":[114],"surfaces":[115],"across":[116],"communication,":[117],"layers.":[121],"Furthermore,":[122],"we":[123,134],"survey":[124],"defense":[125],"mechanisms":[126],"suited":[127],"real-time,":[129],"resource-constrained":[130],"platforms.":[132],"Finally,":[133],"propose":[135],"future":[136],"directions,":[137],"quantum-resistant":[139],"hardware-software":[142],"cosecurity,":[143],"edge-AI-driven":[145],"architectures.":[146],"Our":[147],"aims":[149],"inform":[151],"researchers,":[152],"practitioners,":[153],"regulators":[155],"developing":[157],"integrated,":[158],"resilient":[159],"strategies":[161],"for":[162],"evolving":[164],"ecosystem.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T13:53:19.096889","created_date":"2026-04-02T00:00:00"}