{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414881280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-024-4602-x","title":"MULTI: multimodal understanding leaderboard with text and images","display_name":"MULTI: multimodal understanding leaderboard with text and images","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414881280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-024-4602-x"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11432-024-4602-x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-024-4602-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210218743","display_name":"Science China Information Sciences","issn_l":"1674-733X","issn":["1674-733X","1869-1919"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science China Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101415487","display_name":"Zichen Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3910-2288"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132008252","display_name":"Nanjing Foreign Language School","ror":"https://ror.org/03wvwbe92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132008252"]}],"countries":["CN","SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zichen Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore","Jiangsu Key Lab of Language Computing, Suzhou, 215123, China","X-LANCE Lab, School of Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Lab of Language Computing, Suzhou, 215123, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132008252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"X-LANCE Lab, School of Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033038507","display_name":"Yang Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4669-0003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132008252","display_name":"Nanjing Foreign Language School","ror":"https://ror.org/03wvwbe92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132008252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Key Lab of Language Computing, Suzhou, 215123, China","X-LANCE Lab, School of Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Lab of Language Computing, Suzhou, 215123, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132008252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"X-LANCE Lab, School of Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100432067","display_name":"Lu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0407-9209"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802974365","display_name":"Shanghai Innovative Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/01gnagj68","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802974365"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132008252","display_name":"Nanjing Foreign Language School","ror":"https://ror.org/03wvwbe92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132008252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Key Lab of Language Computing, Suzhou, 215123, China","Shanghai Innovation Institude, Shanghai, 200030, China","Suzhou Laboratory, Suzhou, 215123, China","X-LANCE Lab, School of Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Lab of Language Computing, Suzhou, 215123, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132008252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Innovation Institude, Shanghai, 200030, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802974365"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Suzhou Laboratory, Suzhou, 215123, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"X-LANCE Lab, School of Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013360896","display_name":"Jingkai Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2684-0617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132008252","display_name":"Nanjing Foreign Language School","ror":"https://ror.org/03wvwbe92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132008252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingkai Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Key Lab of Language Computing, Suzhou, 215123, China","X-LANCE Lab, School of Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Lab of Language Computing, Suzhou, 215123, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132008252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"X-LANCE Lab, School of Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100965510","display_name":"Yichuan Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4661-0034"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132008252","display_name":"Nanjing Foreign Language School","ror":"https://ror.org/03wvwbe92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132008252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yichuan Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Key Lab of Language Computing, Suzhou, 215123, China","X-LANCE Lab, School of Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Lab of Language Computing, Suzhou, 215123, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132008252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"X-LANCE Lab, School of Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079801565","display_name":"Yiming Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6064-2203"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132008252","display_name":"Nanjing Foreign Language School","ror":"https://ror.org/03wvwbe92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132008252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiming Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Key Lab of Language Computing, Suzhou, 215123, China","X-LANCE Lab, School of Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Lab of Language Computing, Suzhou, 215123, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132008252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"X-LANCE Lab, School of Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100966766","display_name":"Hailin Wen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132008252","display_name":"Nanjing Foreign Language School","ror":"https://ror.org/03wvwbe92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132008252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hailin Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Key Lab of Language Computing, Suzhou, 215123, China","X-LANCE Lab, School of Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Lab of Language Computing, Suzhou, 215123, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132008252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"X-LANCE Lab, School of Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100390370","display_name":"Jiaqi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8927-8003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132008252","display_name":"Nanjing Foreign Language School","ror":"https://ror.org/03wvwbe92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132008252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaqi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Key Lab of Language Computing, Suzhou, 215123, China","X-LANCE Lab, School of Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Lab of Language Computing, Suzhou, 215123, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132008252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"X-LANCE Lab, School of Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001505336","display_name":"Jinyu Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2241-2754"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132008252","display_name":"Nanjing Foreign Language School","ror":"https://ror.org/03wvwbe92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132008252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinyu Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Key Lab of Language Computing, Suzhou, 215123, China","X-LANCE Lab, School of Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Lab of Language Computing, Suzhou, 215123, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132008252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"X-LANCE Lab, School of Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100446841","display_name":"Yingzi Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8242-3241"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132008252","display_name":"Nanjing Foreign Language School","ror":"https://ror.org/03wvwbe92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132008252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingzi Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Key Lab of Language Computing, Suzhou, 215123, China","X-LANCE Lab, School of Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Lab of Language Computing, Suzhou, 215123, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132008252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"X-LANCE Lab, School of Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119872273","display_name":"Situo Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132008252","display_name":"Nanjing Foreign Language School","ror":"https://ror.org/03wvwbe92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132008252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Situo Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Key Lab of Language Computing, Suzhou, 215123, China","X-LANCE Lab, School of Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Lab of Language Computing, Suzhou, 215123, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132008252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"X-LANCE Lab, School of Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101705224","display_name":"Zihan Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5167-0918"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132008252","display_name":"Nanjing Foreign Language School","ror":"https://ror.org/03wvwbe92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132008252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zihan Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Key Lab of Language Computing, Suzhou, 215123, China","X-LANCE Lab, School of Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Lab of Language Computing, Suzhou, 215123, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132008252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"X-LANCE Lab, School of Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111220718","display_name":"Liangtai Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132008252","display_name":"Nanjing Foreign Language School","ror":"https://ror.org/03wvwbe92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132008252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liangtai Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Key Lab of Language Computing, Suzhou, 215123, China","X-LANCE Lab, School of Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Lab of Language Computing, Suzhou, 215123, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132008252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"X-LANCE Lab, School of Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043098653","display_name":"Kai Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7102-9826"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132008252","display_name":"Nanjing Foreign Language School","ror":"https://ror.org/03wvwbe92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132008252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kai Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Key Lab of Language Computing, Suzhou, 215123, China","Suzhou Laboratory, Suzhou, 215123, China","X-LANCE Lab, School of Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Lab of Language Computing, Suzhou, 215123, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132008252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Suzhou Laboratory, Suzhou, 215123, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"X-LANCE Lab, School of Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043098653","https://openalex.org/A5100432067"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930","https://openalex.org/I2802974365","https://openalex.org/I3132008252"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.7974,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93968456,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"10","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14236","display_name":"Educational Tools and Methods","score":0.35679998993873596,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14236","display_name":"Educational Tools and Methods","score":0.35679998993873596,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5318999886512756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5210000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expert-system","display_name":"Expert system","score":0.35370001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimodality","display_name":"Multimodality","score":0.29660001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-language","display_name":"Human language","score":0.2793000042438507}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7947999835014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5976999998092651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5318999886512756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5210000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.43220001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58328972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184609","display_name":"Expert system","level":2,"score":0.35370001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780910867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952416","display_name":"Multimodality","level":2,"score":0.29660001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993724205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315","display_name":"Human language","level":2,"score":0.2793000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.25760000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.2556000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2547000050544739}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11432-024-4602-x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-024-4602-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210218743","display_name":"Science China Information Sciences","issn_l":"1674-733X","issn":["1674-733X","1869-1919"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science China Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/208388","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/208388","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W128638292","https://openalex.org/W2186222003","https://openalex.org/W2602856279","https://openalex.org/W2606555609","https://openalex.org/W2607662938","https://openalex.org/W2610930722","https://openalex.org/W4236965008","https://openalex.org/W4301409532","https://openalex.org/W4322718191","https://openalex.org/W4385681794","https://openalex.org/W4386185600","https://openalex.org/W4386384924","https://openalex.org/W4387156669","https://openalex.org/W4389217168","https://openalex.org/W4390041933","https://openalex.org/W4391158820","https://openalex.org/W4393284539","https://openalex.org/W4398138749","https://openalex.org/W4403346066","https://openalex.org/W4403853618","https://openalex.org/W4405381704","https://openalex.org/W4405595839","https://openalex.org/W4406489046","https://openalex.org/W4409485028","https://openalex.org/W4411120541","https://openalex.org/W4411965829","https://openalex.org/W4412945585"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
