{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417357172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11280-025-01395-3","title":"P2N2S: Bridging the gap between natural and programming languages for code summarization via large language models","display_name":"P2N2S: Bridging the gap between natural and programming languages for code summarization via large language models","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417357172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11280-025-01395-3"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11280-025-01395-3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11280-025-01395-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129236917","display_name":"World Wide Web","issn_l":"1386-145X","issn":["1386-145X","1573-1413"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"World Wide Web","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065148585","display_name":"Yijia Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7585-9715"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yijia Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060264682","display_name":"Yaoshen Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-7985"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I890469752","display_name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0385nmy68","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I890469752"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"YaoShen Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Informationization Department (Information Technology Center), Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China","Key Laboratory of Safety-Critical Software Development and Verification, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210016, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Informationization Department (Information Technology Center), Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Safety-Critical Software Development and Verification, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210016, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025184050","display_name":"Zhiqiu Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6843-1892"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I890469752","display_name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0385nmy68","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I890469752"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiqiu Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collaborative Innovation Center of Novel Software Technology and Industrialization, Nanjing, 210016, China","College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China","Key Laboratory of Safety-Critical Software Development and Verification, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210016, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Novel Software Technology and Industrialization, Nanjing, 210016, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Safety-Critical Software Development and Verification, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210016, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071006592","display_name":"Bowen Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3810-5612"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bowei Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102822338","display_name":"Yukun Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3066-3062"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23632641","display_name":"Shanghai University of Electric Power","ror":"https://ror.org/02w4tny03","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23632641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yukun Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23632641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065148585"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.52059619,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9642999768257141,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9642999768257141,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.007400000002235174,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.004600000102072954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-summarization","display_name":"Automatic summarization","score":0.7638999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridging","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","score":0.6371999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.5626999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.5508000254631042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.49320000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax","display_name":"Syntax","score":0.4839000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-construct","display_name":"Language construct","score":0.48190000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstract-syntax-tree","display_name":"Abstract syntax tree","score":0.47769999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-comprehension","display_name":"Program comprehension","score":0.4374000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-programming","display_name":"Natural language programming","score":0.4309000074863434}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9049000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170858558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1394144","display_name":"Automatic summarization","level":2,"score":0.7638999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.6743000149726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.6371999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6353999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6093999743461609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.5626999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.5508000254631042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.49320000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.4839000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48859967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6486712","display_name":"Language construct","level":2,"score":0.48190000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58646249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127380","display_name":"Abstract syntax tree","level":3,"score":0.47769999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777561058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2652119","display_name":"Program comprehension","level":4,"score":0.4374000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67463725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17081452","display_name":"Natural language programming","level":5,"score":0.4309000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.41179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.3684000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114408938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333373","display_name":"Abstract syntax","level":3,"score":0.3555999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548217200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251","display_name":"Java","level":2,"score":0.3499000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.34360000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63000827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3080428","display_name":"Software portability","level":2,"score":0.34130001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174252522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3816772","display_name":"Natural language user interface","level":3,"score":0.33559998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.3174999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76518257","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271680","display_name":"Software framework","level":5,"score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C570499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1289116","display_name":"First-generation programming language","level":3,"score":0.31040000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133162039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061077","display_name":"Code generation","level":3,"score":0.29429998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137287247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1329550","display_name":"Static program analysis","level":4,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15077461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7248507","display_name":"Programming language specification","level":5,"score":0.28459998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Natural language understanding","level":3,"score":0.27219998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176982825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835922","display_name":"Lexical analysis","level":2,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124577441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558937","display_name":"Low-level programming language","level":5,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34165917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188267","display_name":"Programming paradigm","level":2,"score":0.2531999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.2524999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776187449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513879","display_name":"Natural language generation","level":3,"score":0.25209999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155092808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182557","display_name":"Computational linguistics","level":2,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11280-025-01395-3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11280-025-01395-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129236917","display_name":"World Wide Web","issn_l":"1386-145X","issn":["1386-145X","1573-1413"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"World Wide Web","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5473515455","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2241216","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1956340063","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2516621648","https://openalex.org/W2807964941","https://openalex.org/W2884276923","https://openalex.org/W2955426500","https://openalex.org/W2963935794","https://openalex.org/W2964194820","https://openalex.org/W3034999214","https://openalex.org/W3091730360","https://openalex.org/W3098605233","https://openalex.org/W3170092793","https://openalex.org/W3198685994","https://openalex.org/W4221166942","https://openalex.org/W4284696121","https://openalex.org/W4384302810","https://openalex.org/W4387359413","https://openalex.org/W4387747852","https://openalex.org/W4394745253","https://openalex.org/W4403194077","https://openalex.org/W4404783841","https://openalex.org/W4407580437"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-12-16T00:00:00"}
