{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390205887","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11280-023-01212-9","title":"Enhancing bitcoin transaction confirmation prediction: a hybrid model combining neural networks and XGBoost","display_name":"Enhancing bitcoin transaction confirmation prediction: a hybrid model combining neural networks and XGBoost","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390205887","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11280-023-01212-9"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11280-023-01212-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11280-023-01212-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11280-023-01212-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129236917","display_name":"World Wide Web","issn_l":"1386-145X","issn":["1386-145X","1573-1413"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"World Wide Web","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11280-023-01212-9.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101505895","display_name":"Limeng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2745-3813"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57093077","display_name":"Swinburne University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/031rekg67","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Limeng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032749574","display_name":"Rui Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6807-4362"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57093077","display_name":"Swinburne University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/031rekg67","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rui Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100345166","display_name":"Qing Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7895-9551"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qing Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data61, CSIRO, Hobart, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data61, CSIRO, Hobart, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I42894916"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086062267","display_name":"Jiajie Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8227-8636"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3923682","display_name":"Soochow University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8y2r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiajie Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028546502","display_name":"Chengfei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1675-1389"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57093077","display_name":"Swinburne University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/031rekg67","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengfei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058693284","display_name":"Muhammad Ali Babar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6653-6076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","display_name":"The University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ali Babar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Research on Engineering Software Technologies (CREST), The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Research on Engineering Software Technologies (CREST), The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032749574"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"fwci":1.7582,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89212189,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"6","first_page":"4173","last_page":"4191"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9713000059127808,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":0.95660001039505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8508718013763428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.7015839219093323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.6459009647369385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.5847612619400024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5595441460609436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timestamp","display_name":"Timestamp","score":0.5075472593307495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4938400387763977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4763484299182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4616464674472809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.4605731964111328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4529487192630768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.43871521949768066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transaction-processing","display_name":"Transaction processing","score":0.4211267828941345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interval","display_name":"Interval (graph theory)","score":0.4116500914096832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.22684386372566223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.14968135952949524}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8508718013763428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.7015839219093323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.6459009647369385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5847612619400024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5595441460609436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113954288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186885","display_name":"Timestamp","level":2,"score":0.5075472593307495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4938400387763977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4763484299182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4616464674472809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.4605731964111328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4529487192630768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.43871521949768066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72108876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844565","display_name":"Transaction processing","level":3,"score":0.4211267828941345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778067643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166507","display_name":"Interval (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.4116500914096832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.22684386372566223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.14968135952949524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11280-023-01212-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11280-023-01212-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11280-023-01212-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129236917","display_name":"World Wide Web","issn_l":"1386-145X","issn":["1386-145X","1573-1413"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"World Wide Web","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11280-023-01212-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11280-023-01212-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11280-023-01212-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129236917","display_name":"World Wide Web","issn_l":"1386-145X","issn":["1386-145X","1573-1413"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"World Wide Web","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7342200561","display_name":"\u8f68\u8ff9\u5927\u6570\u636e\u9a71\u52a8\u7684\u4ea4\u901a\u8def\u51b5\u611f\u77e5\u4e0e\u9884\u6d4b\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61872258","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390205887.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056132907","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2133218851","https://openalex.org/W2150757437","https://openalex.org/W2572939427","https://openalex.org/W2586112617","https://openalex.org/W2592340788","https://openalex.org/W2619655139","https://openalex.org/W2740582239","https://openalex.org/W2771030840","https://openalex.org/W2780079593","https://openalex.org/W2908041687","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2969386964","https://openalex.org/W3001053347","https://openalex.org/W3035460133","https://openalex.org/W3093266389","https://openalex.org/W3104239577","https://openalex.org/W3106003309","https://openalex.org/W3153122567","https://openalex.org/W3163542084","https://openalex.org/W4205137069","https://openalex.org/W4312993304","https://openalex.org/W6632641111","https://openalex.org/W6869608176"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4303984095","https://openalex.org/W3016961585","https://openalex.org/W2957710009","https://openalex.org/W3115531728","https://openalex.org/W4205096204","https://openalex.org/W2363110500","https://openalex.org/W2371295991","https://openalex.org/W1993563093","https://openalex.org/W2385369652","https://openalex.org/W2187680751"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"With":[1],"Bitcoin":[2,12,21,60,135],"being":[3],"universally":[4],"recognized":[5],"as":[6,103,154,156],"the":[7,20,59,67,85,95,134,147,152,157,174,187,205],"most":[8],"popular":[9],"cryptocurrency,":[10],"more":[11],"transactions":[13,28,145,150],"are":[14],"expected":[15],"to":[16,19,40,55,128,213],"be":[17,56,184,223],"populated":[18],"blockchain":[22,136,165],"system.":[23],"As":[24],"a":[25,42,53,74,80,88,98,104,112,181,220],"result,":[26],"many":[27],"can":[29],"encounter":[30],"different":[31,140],"confirmation":[32,71,100,131],"delays.":[33],"Concerned":[34],"about":[35],"this,":[36],"it":[37,49],"becomes":[38],"vital":[39],"help":[41],"user":[43],"understand":[44],"(if":[45],"possible)":[46],"how":[47],"long":[48],"may":[50],"take":[51],"for":[52],"transaction":[54,130,159,182,221],"confirmed":[57,185],"in":[58,133,146,151,173,186,215],"blockchain.":[61],"In":[62],"this":[63],"work,":[64],"we":[65,110],"address":[66],"issue":[68],"of":[69,90,97,142],"predicting":[70],"time":[72,132],"within":[73],"block":[75,91,218],"interval":[76,219],"rather":[77],"than":[78,170],"pinpointing":[79],"specific":[81],"timestamp.":[82],"After":[83],"dividing":[84],"future":[86,217],"into":[87],"set":[89],"intervals":[92],"(i.e.,":[93],"classes),":[94],"prediction":[96],"transaction\u2019s":[99],"is":[101],"treated":[102],"classification":[105,176,207],"problem.":[106],"To":[107],"solve":[108],"it,":[109],"propose":[111],"framework,":[113],"Hybrid":[114],"Confirmation":[115],"Time":[116],"Estimation":[117],"Network":[118],"(":[119],"Hybrid-CTEN":[120,194],"),":[121],"based":[122],"on":[123,163,198,203],"neural":[124],"networks":[125],"and":[126,201,211],"XGBoost":[127,171],"predict":[129,179,214],"system":[137],"using":[138],"three":[139],"sources":[141],"information:":[143],"historical":[144],"blockchain,":[148],"unconfirmed":[149],"mempool,":[153],"well":[155],"estimated":[158],"itself.":[160],"Finally,":[161],"experiments":[162],"real-world":[164],"data":[166],"demonstrate":[167],"that,":[168],"other":[169],"excelling":[172],"binary":[175],"case":[177],"(to":[178],"whether":[180],"will":[183,222],"next":[188],"generated":[189],"block),":[190],"our":[191],"proposed":[192],"framework":[193],"outperforms":[195],"state-of-the-art":[196],"methods":[197],"precision,":[199],"recall":[200],"f1-score":[202],"all":[204],"multiclass":[206],"cases":[208],"(4-class,":[209],"6-class":[210],"8-class)":[212],"which":[216],"confirmed.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
