{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4382240482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-023-03414-5","title":"NMal-Droid: network-based android malware detection system using transfer learning and CNN-BiGRU ensemble","display_name":"NMal-Droid: network-based android malware detection system using transfer learning and CNN-BiGRU ensemble","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4382240482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-023-03414-5"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11276-023-03414-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-023-03414-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S205498627","display_name":"Wireless Networks","issn_l":"1022-0038","issn":["1022-0038","1572-8196"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Wireless Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050849175","display_name":"Farhan Ullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1030-1275"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farhan Ullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, 710072, Shanxi, People\u2019s Republic of China","School of Software, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shanxi, People's Republic of China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, 710072, Shanxi, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shanxi, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013116186","display_name":"Shamsher Ullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6399-8461"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shamsher Ullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518000, People\u2019s Republic of China","School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518000, People's Republic of China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518000, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518000, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041541232","display_name":"Gautam Srivastava","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9851-4103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48890080","display_name":"Brandon University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qp25a50","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48890080"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56306041","display_name":"Lebanese American University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hqkan37","country_code":"LB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184693016","display_name":"China Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00v408z34","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184693016"]}],"countries":["CA","LB","TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gautam Srivastava","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Math, Lebanese American University, 1102, Beirut, Lebanon","Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, R7A 6A9, Canada","Research Centre for Interneural Computing, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Math, Lebanese American University, 1102, Beirut, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, R7A 6A9, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48890080"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Centre for Interneural Computing, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184693016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000640263","display_name":"Jerry Chun\u2010Wei Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8768-9709"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179863766","display_name":"Western Norway University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05phns765","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179863766"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jerry Chun-Wei Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, 5063, Bergen, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, 5063, Bergen, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179863766"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101801777","display_name":"Yue Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7865-5555"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, 710072, Shanxi, People\u2019s Republic of China","School of Software, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shanxi, People's Republic of China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, 710072, Shanxi, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shanxi, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041541232"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184693016","https://openalex.org/I48890080","https://openalex.org/I56306041"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.6307,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95949461,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"6","first_page":"6177","last_page":"6198"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.965499997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.9019381403923035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.7585364580154419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android","display_name":"Android (operating system)","score":0.6296794414520264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6028128266334534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.4985990524291992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4783291816711426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.42518842220306396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.20538195967674255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.17762190103530884}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9019381403923035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.7585364580154419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557433098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.6296794414520264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6028128266334534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.4985990524291992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4783291816711426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.42518842220306396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.20538195967674255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.17762190103530884}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11276-023-03414-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-023-03414-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S205498627","display_name":"Wireless Networks","issn_l":"1022-0038","issn":["1022-0038","1572-8196"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Wireless Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3507557314","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN-2020-05363","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W79549259","https://openalex.org/W1666731339","https://openalex.org/W2018316318","https://openalex.org/W2059043756","https://openalex.org/W2060537671","https://openalex.org/W2066220442","https://openalex.org/W2087970742","https://openalex.org/W2125011234","https://openalex.org/W2142145056","https://openalex.org/W2153579005","https://openalex.org/W2258955373","https://openalex.org/W2290781924","https://openalex.org/W2291014553","https://openalex.org/W2396539588","https://openalex.org/W2538940504","https://openalex.org/W2587076123","https://openalex.org/W2626320814","https://openalex.org/W2737578512","https://openalex.org/W2768073432","https://openalex.org/W2782477571","https://openalex.org/W2789983203","https://openalex.org/W2897230315","https://openalex.org/W2901524269","https://openalex.org/W2907236248","https://openalex.org/W2914710727","https://openalex.org/W2929803724","https://openalex.org/W2958992432","https://openalex.org/W2968263527","https://openalex.org/W2990114920","https://openalex.org/W3008497156","https://openalex.org/W3020985685","https://openalex.org/W3044551040","https://openalex.org/W3105429705","https://openalex.org/W3112311055","https://openalex.org/W3159902214","https://openalex.org/W3162825625","https://openalex.org/W3200046392","https://openalex.org/W3200969414","https://openalex.org/W4239628076","https://openalex.org/W4242287044","https://openalex.org/W4296105182","https://openalex.org/W4308000139","https://openalex.org/W4327750468"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2097492617","https://openalex.org/W2753240997","https://openalex.org/W1764168690","https://openalex.org/W2537959205","https://openalex.org/W2740895074","https://openalex.org/W2772446090","https://openalex.org/W4284893819","https://openalex.org/W2249809453","https://openalex.org/W2717179875","https://openalex.org/W4249118297"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}