{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3145175861","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-021-02553-x","title":"Latency reduction for narrowband URLLC networks: a performance evaluation","display_name":"Latency reduction for narrowband URLLC networks: a performance evaluation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3145175861","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-021-02553-x","mag":"3145175861"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11276-021-02553-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-021-02553-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11276-021-02553-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S205498627","display_name":"Wireless Networks","issn_l":"1022-0038","issn":["1022-0038","1572-8196"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Wireless Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11276-021-02553-x.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041158610","display_name":"Zubair Amjad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3334-6772"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800745255","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Haute-Alsace","ror":"https://ror.org/04k8k6n84","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800745255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I913140155","display_name":"Offenburg University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03zh5eq96","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913140155"]}],"countries":["DE","FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zubair Amjad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut de Recherche en Informatique, Math\u00e9matiques, Automatique et Signal (IRIMAS), Universit\u00e9 de Haute-Alsace, Mulhouse-Colmar, France","Institute of Reliable Embedded Systems and Communication Electronics (ivESK), Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, Offenburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3334-6772","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut de Recherche en Informatique, Math\u00e9matiques, Automatique et Signal (IRIMAS), Universit\u00e9 de Haute-Alsace, Mulhouse-Colmar, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800745255"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Reliable Embedded Systems and Communication Electronics (ivESK), Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, Offenburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I913140155"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009226305","display_name":"Kofi Atta Nsiah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800745255","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Haute-Alsace","ror":"https://ror.org/04k8k6n84","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800745255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119362","display_name":"Hahn-Schickard-Gesellschaft f\u00fcr angewandte Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/02reezy47","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119362"]}],"countries":["DE","FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kofi Atta Nsiah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hahn-Schickard Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Angewandte Forschung e.V., Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany","Institut de Recherche en Informatique, Math\u00e9matiques, Automatique et Signal (IRIMAS), Universit\u00e9 de Haute-Alsace, Mulhouse-Colmar, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hahn-Schickard Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Angewandte Forschung e.V., Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119362"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut de Recherche en Informatique, Math\u00e9matiques, Automatique et Signal (IRIMAS), Universit\u00e9 de Haute-Alsace, Mulhouse-Colmar, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800745255"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042288101","display_name":"Beno\u00eet Hilt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-6121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800745255","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Haute-Alsace","ror":"https://ror.org/04k8k6n84","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800745255"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beno\u00eet Hilt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut de Recherche en Informatique, Math\u00e9matiques, Automatique et Signal (IRIMAS), Universit\u00e9 de Haute-Alsace, Mulhouse-Colmar, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut de Recherche en Informatique, Math\u00e9matiques, Automatique et Signal (IRIMAS), Universit\u00e9 de Haute-Alsace, Mulhouse-Colmar, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800745255"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009129425","display_name":"Jean-Philippe Lauffenburger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5891-8418"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800745255","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Haute-Alsace","ror":"https://ror.org/04k8k6n84","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800745255"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jean-Philippe Lauffenburger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut de Recherche en Informatique, Math\u00e9matiques, Automatique et Signal (IRIMAS), Universit\u00e9 de Haute-Alsace, Mulhouse-Colmar, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut de Recherche en Informatique, Math\u00e9matiques, Automatique et Signal (IRIMAS), Universit\u00e9 de Haute-Alsace, Mulhouse-Colmar, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800745255"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019197766","display_name":"Axel Sikora","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0878-2919"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119362","display_name":"Hahn-Schickard-Gesellschaft f\u00fcr angewandte Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/02reezy47","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119362"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I913140155","display_name":"Offenburg University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03zh5eq96","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913140155"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Axel Sikora","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hahn-Schickard Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Angewandte Forschung e.V., Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany","Institute of Reliable Embedded Systems and Communication Electronics (ivESK), Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, Offenburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hahn-Schickard Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Angewandte Forschung e.V., Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119362"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Reliable Embedded Systems and Communication Electronics (ivESK), Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, Offenburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I913140155"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041158610"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800745255","https://openalex.org/I913140155"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":0.8136,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71405843,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"4","first_page":"2577","last_page":"2593"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8641513586044312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.7653204202651978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.5793522596359253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5141211152076721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-broadband","display_name":"Mobile broadband","score":0.5000219345092773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/narrowband","display_name":"Narrowband","score":0.4873808026313782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.4650259017944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/broadband","display_name":"Broadband","score":0.4624841809272766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.42379382252693176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3302809000015259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.19167596101760864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15884611010551453}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8641513586044312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.7653204202651978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.5793522596359253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5141211152076721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78834623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640394","display_name":"Mobile broadband","level":3,"score":0.5000219345092773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776096036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140483","display_name":"Narrowband","level":2,"score":0.4873808026313782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.4650259017944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509933004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194163","display_name":"Broadband","level":2,"score":0.4624841809272766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.42379382252693176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3302809000015259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.19167596101760864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15884611010551453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11276-021-02553-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-021-02553-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11276-021-02553-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S205498627","display_name":"Wireless Networks","issn_l":"1022-0038","issn":["1022-0038","1572-8196"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Wireless Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05027801v1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05027801","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Wireless Networks, 2021, 27 (4), pp.2577-2593. &#x27E8;10.1007/s11276-021-02553-x&#x27E9;","raw_type":"Journal articles"},{"id":"pmh:oai:opus.hs-offenburg.de:5365","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://opus.hs-offenburg.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/5365","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196587","display_name":"Opus-HSO (Offenburg University of Applied Sciences)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I913140155","host_organization_name":"Offenburg University of Applied Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913140155"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"doc-type:article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11276-021-02553-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-021-02553-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11276-021-02553-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S205498627","display_name":"Wireless Networks","issn_l":"1022-0038","issn":["1022-0038","1572-8196"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Wireless Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.550000011920929,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8210574335","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16K1S0812","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327973","display_name":"Conseil R\u00e9gional d'Alsace","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3145175861.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3145175861.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2018991676","https://openalex.org/W2021268118","https://openalex.org/W2038728925","https://openalex.org/W2109588609","https://openalex.org/W2166529894","https://openalex.org/W2280049058","https://openalex.org/W2418350267","https://openalex.org/W2441759193","https://openalex.org/W2460379932","https://openalex.org/W2479126785","https://openalex.org/W2522693205","https://openalex.org/W2540797143","https://openalex.org/W2554620432","https://openalex.org/W2563657636","https://openalex.org/W2583505972","https://openalex.org/W2586459757","https://openalex.org/W2588039227","https://openalex.org/W2602407013","https://openalex.org/W2613668864","https://openalex.org/W2735092143","https://openalex.org/W2741931273","https://openalex.org/W2782870799","https://openalex.org/W2785482169","https://openalex.org/W2790139252","https://openalex.org/W2807909064","https://openalex.org/W2895798203","https://openalex.org/W2896066000","https://openalex.org/W2897214019","https://openalex.org/W2900240805","https://openalex.org/W2995304369","https://openalex.org/W3104590515","https://openalex.org/W4234776096"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2160425906","https://openalex.org/W1882733036","https://openalex.org/W2546696010","https://openalex.org/W1992741870","https://openalex.org/W2298102683","https://openalex.org/W3135129726","https://openalex.org/W2171478200","https://openalex.org/W2052793750","https://openalex.org/W2008006734","https://openalex.org/W2178338100"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Fifth-generation":[1],"(5G)":[2],"cellular":[3,23,66,78],"mobile":[4,17],"networks":[5,24,67,79],"are":[6,25,119],"expected":[7],"to":[8,16,27,39,62,86,125,129],"support":[9,28],"mission-critical":[10],"low":[11],"latency":[12,42,64,89,98,146],"applications":[13],"in":[14,210],"addition":[15],"broadband":[18],"services,":[19],"where":[20],"fourth-generation":[21],"(4G)":[22],"unable":[26],"Ultra-Reliable":[29],"Low":[30],"Latency":[31],"Communication":[32],"(URLLC).":[33],"However,":[34],"it":[35],"might":[36],"be":[37,45],"interesting":[38],"understand":[40],"which":[41],"requirements":[43,202],"can":[44,198],"met":[46],"with":[47],"both":[48,133],"4G":[49],"and":[50,68,72,80,96,115,137,169,185],"5G":[51],"networks.":[52],"In":[53],"this":[54,153],"paper,":[55],"we":[56,107,155],"discuss":[57],"(1)":[58],"the":[59,63,83,88,110,116,127,135,143,160,172,175,200],"components":[60],"contributing":[61],"of":[65,90,145,166,174,207],"(2)":[69],"evaluate":[70,97,171],"control-plane":[71],"user-plane":[73],"latencies":[74],"for":[75,101,149,203],"current-generation":[76],"narrowband":[77],"point":[81],"out":[82],"potential":[84,144],"improvements":[85],"reduce":[87],"these":[91,157],"networks,":[92],"(3)":[93],"present,":[94],"implement":[95],"reduction":[99,147],"techniques":[100,148,158,177],"latency-critical":[102],"applications.":[103,151],"The":[104],"two":[105,179],"elements":[106],"detected,":[108],"namely":[109],"short":[111],"transmission":[112],"time":[113],"interval":[114],"semi-persistent":[117],"scheduling":[118],"very":[120],"promising":[121],"as":[122],"they":[123],"allow":[124],"shorten":[126],"delay":[128],"processing":[130],"received":[131],"information":[132],"into":[134,159,178],"control":[136],"data":[138],"planes.":[139],"We":[140],"then":[141,170],"analyze":[142],"URLLC":[150],"To":[152],"end,":[154],"develop":[156],"long":[161],"term":[162],"evolution":[163],"(LTE)":[164],"module":[165],"ns-3":[167],"simulator":[168],"performance":[173],"proposed":[176],"different":[180],"application":[181],"fields:":[182],"industrial":[183],"automation":[184],"intelligent":[186],"transportation":[187],"systems.":[188],"Our":[189],"detailed":[190],"evaluation":[191],"results":[192],"from":[193],"simulations":[194],"indicate":[195],"that":[196],"LTE":[197],"satisfy":[199],"low-latency":[201],"a":[204],"large":[205],"choice":[206],"use":[208],"cases":[209],"each":[211],"field.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T15:47:20.252518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
