{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417188362","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11265-025-01977-4","title":"CSA\u2009\u2212\u2009HRNet: Channel and Spatial Attention High-Resolution Networks for Semantic Segmentation","display_name":"CSA\u2009\u2212\u2009HRNet: Channel and Spatial Attention High-Resolution Networks for Semantic Segmentation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417188362","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11265-025-01977-4"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11265-025-01977-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11265-025-01977-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11265-025-01977-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S11258463","display_name":"Journal of Signal Processing Systems","issn_l":"1939-8018","issn":["1939-8018","1939-8115"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Signal Processing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11265-025-01977-4.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085552614","display_name":"Jinseong Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8080-8071"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199143407","display_name":"Sunchon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/043jqrs76","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199143407"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin-Seong Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8080-8071","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199143407"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101564680","display_name":"Sung-Wook Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1051-9263"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199143407","display_name":"Sunchon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/043jqrs76","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199143407"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sung-Wook Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1051-9263","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199143407"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031804229","display_name":"Hyun\u2010Sung Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2298-7515"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199143407","display_name":"Sunchon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/043jqrs76","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199143407"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyun-Sung Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6712-6730","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199143407"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017207286","display_name":"Chun-Bo Sim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0802-6355"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199143407","display_name":"Sunchon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/043jqrs76","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199143407"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chun-Bo Sim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0802-6355","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199143407"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053786155","display_name":"Se-Hoon Jung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1776-9823"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199143407","display_name":"Sunchon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/043jqrs76","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199143407"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Se-Hoon Jung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1776-9823","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199143407"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017207286","https://openalex.org/A5053786155"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199143407"],"apc_list":{"value":2490,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3090},"apc_paid":{"value":2490,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3090},"fwci":0.9206,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8158931,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"98","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.8648999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.8648999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.03660000115633011,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.00989999994635582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6712999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5935999751091003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5921000242233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pascal","display_name":"Pascal (unit)","score":0.5401999950408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5212000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5195000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.41909998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.3714999854564667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6712999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.645799994468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5935999751091003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5921000242233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75608658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44395","display_name":"Pascal (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5401999950408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5212000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5195000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.41909998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3714999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.3714999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64754055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574053","display_name":"Spatial contextual awareness","level":2,"score":0.3700999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.36169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3547999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.3531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781122975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16928266","display_name":"Semantic feature","level":2,"score":0.34439998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.3278000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3000999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.26440000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11265-025-01977-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11265-025-01977-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11265-025-01977-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S11258463","display_name":"Journal of Signal Processing Systems","issn_l":"1939-8018","issn":["1939-8018","1939-8115"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Signal Processing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11265-025-01977-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11265-025-01977-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11265-025-01977-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S11258463","display_name":"Journal of Signal Processing Systems","issn_l":"1939-8018","issn":["1939-8018","1939-8115"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Signal Processing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321303","display_name":"Sunchon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/043jqrs76"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417188362.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417188362.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1495267108","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2125215748","https://openalex.org/W2147800946","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2560023338","https://openalex.org/W2598915960","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2737258237","https://openalex.org/W2737682710","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2798791840","https://openalex.org/W2883779225","https://openalex.org/W2884436604","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2894913190","https://openalex.org/W2963563573","https://openalex.org/W2963727650","https://openalex.org/W2963753570","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W2963925437","https://openalex.org/W2963978393","https://openalex.org/W2964252655","https://openalex.org/W2964309882","https://openalex.org/W2981413347","https://openalex.org/W2982220924","https://openalex.org/W3208563950","https://openalex.org/W4285604868","https://openalex.org/W4317830868","https://openalex.org/W4386223293","https://openalex.org/W4386331074","https://openalex.org/W4393970069","https://openalex.org/W4403892558","https://openalex.org/W4408437486","https://openalex.org/W4409190789","https://openalex.org/W4411208996"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Semantic":[0],"segmentation":[1,173,231],"is":[2,99,130],"a":[3,121,125,156,203],"fundamental":[4],"task":[5],"in":[6,74,95,208],"computer":[7],"vision.":[8],"Over":[9],"time,":[10],"efforts":[11],"have":[12],"been":[13],"made":[14],"to":[15,26,51,146],"mitigate":[16],"the":[17,45,52,66,78,103,109,134,141,148,165,171,176,188,196,206,209,237,258],"loss":[18,53],"of":[19,54,105,175,205],"spatial":[20,56,90,112],"and":[21,57,80,91,159,181,191,198,222,232],"global":[22,58,92],"context":[23,59,93],"information":[24,94],"due":[25],"resolution":[27,119],"reduction,":[28],"starting":[29],"with":[30,77,185],"Fully":[31],"Convolutional":[32,36],"Networks":[33,38],"(FCN).":[34],"However,":[35],"Neural":[37],"(CNN)":[39],"models":[40],"still":[41],"face":[42],"challenges,":[43],"as":[44],"down-sampling":[46],"process":[47],"reduces":[48],"resolution,":[49,158],"leading":[50],"essential":[55],"information.":[60],"In":[61,236,257],"this":[62],"paper,":[63],"we":[64,179],"combine":[65],"HRNet":[67],"model,":[68,178],"known":[69],"for":[70,111],"its":[71,183],"exceptional":[72],"performance":[73,174,184],"semantic":[75,96,172],"segmentation,":[76],"Channel":[79,114],"Spatial":[81,138],"Attention":[82],"(CSA)":[83],"module.":[84],"The":[85],"CSA":[86,189],"module":[87,145],"highlights":[88],"important":[89],"segmentation.":[97],"It":[98],"structured":[100],"so":[101],"that":[102],"result":[104,204],"channel":[106,153],"attention":[107,115,139,154],"becomes":[108],"input":[110,166],"attention.":[113],"recalibrates":[116,160],"each":[117],"channel\u2019s":[118],"into":[120,155],"scalar":[122],"value":[123],"using":[124,195],"Squeeze-and-Excitation":[126],"(SE)":[127],"block,":[128],"which":[129,252],"then":[131],"multiplied":[132],"by":[133,162,164,220,227,250,266,272],"original":[135],"feature":[136,149,167],"map.":[137,168],"employs":[140],"Polarized":[142],"Self-attention":[143],"(PSA)":[144],"compress":[147],"map":[150],"channels":[151],"from":[152],"single":[157],"them":[161],"multiplying":[163],"To":[169],"assess":[170],"proposed":[177],"compare":[180],"evaluate":[182],"or":[186],"without":[187],"module,":[190],"against":[192],"various":[193],"models,":[194],"LIP":[197,210],"PASCAL":[199,238,259],"Context":[200,239,260],"datasets.":[201],"As":[202],"experiment,":[207],"data":[211,241,262],"set,":[212,242,263],"mean":[213],"Intersection":[214],"over":[215],"Union":[216],"(mIoU)":[217],"was":[218,244,248,270],"improved":[219,249,253,271],"0.5%,":[221],"Mean":[223],"Pixel":[224],"Accuracy":[225],"(MPA)":[226],"0.1%,":[228,267],"improving":[229,274],"both":[230],"class":[233,254,275],"classification":[234,255,276],"accuracy.":[235,256,277],"59":[240],"mIoU":[243,264],"maintained,":[245],"while":[246,268],"MPA":[247,269],"0.2%,":[251,273],"60":[261],"decreased":[265]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T06:13:01.061226","created_date":"2025-12-10T00:00:00"}
