{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385520729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11265-023-01883-7","title":"FPGA Design of Transposed Convolutions for Deep Learning Using High-Level Synthesis","display_name":"FPGA Design of Transposed Convolutions for Deep Learning Using High-Level Synthesis","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385520729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11265-023-01883-7"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11265-023-01883-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11265-023-01883-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11265-023-01883-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S11258463","display_name":"Journal of Signal Processing Systems","issn_l":"1939-8018","issn":["1939-8018","1939-8115"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Signal Processing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11265-023-01883-7.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087153969","display_name":"Cristian Sestito","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7731-0002"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45204951","display_name":"University of Calabria","ror":"https://ror.org/02rc97e94","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB","IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cristian Sestito","raw_affiliation_strings":["Current Affiliation: Centre for Electronics Frontiers, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK","Department of Informatics, Modeling, Electronics and System Engineering, University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, Italy","Department of Informatics, Modeling, Electronics and System Engineering, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy","Current Affiliation: Centre for Electronics Frontiers, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Current Affiliation: Centre for Electronics Frontiers, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Modeling, Electronics and System Engineering, University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Modeling, Electronics and System Engineering, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Current Affiliation: Centre for Electronics Frontiers, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074662921","display_name":"Stefania Perri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1363-9201"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45204951","display_name":"University of Calabria","ror":"https://ror.org/02rc97e94","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefania Perri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical, Energy and Management Engineering, University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, Italy","Department of Mechanical, Energy and Management Engineering, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical, Energy and Management Engineering, University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical, Energy and Management Engineering, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002171794","display_name":"Robert Stewart","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0365-693X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert Stewart","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK","Department of Computer Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002171794","https://openalex.org/A5087153969"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511","https://openalex.org/I45204951","https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"apc_list":{"value":2490,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3090},"apc_paid":{"value":2490,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3090},"fwci":0.8425,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7509546,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"95","issue":"10","first_page":"1245","last_page":"1263"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7774795889854431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.6379339694976807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-space-exploration","display_name":"Design space exploration","score":0.6141133308410645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5488999485969543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5218673944473267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.46554598212242126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3365265130996704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.28214016556739807}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7774795889854431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.6379339694976807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776221188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21072556","display_name":"Design space exploration","level":2,"score":0.6141133308410645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5488999485969543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5218673944473267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.46554598212242126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3365265130996704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.28214016556739807}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11265-023-01883-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11265-023-01883-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11265-023-01883-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S11258463","display_name":"Journal of Signal Processing Systems","issn_l":"1939-8018","issn":["1939-8018","1939-8115"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Signal Processing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11265-023-01883-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11265-023-01883-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11265-023-01883-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S11258463","display_name":"Journal of Signal Processing Systems","issn_l":"1939-8018","issn":["1939-8018","1939-8115"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Signal Processing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8899999856948853,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385520729.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1921848483","https://openalex.org/W2172654076","https://openalex.org/W2503339013","https://openalex.org/W2583383421","https://openalex.org/W2750384547","https://openalex.org/W2765811365","https://openalex.org/W2794284562","https://openalex.org/W2798838583","https://openalex.org/W2807902000","https://openalex.org/W2891946740","https://openalex.org/W2891976760","https://openalex.org/W2895738878","https://openalex.org/W2906403229","https://openalex.org/W2912581782","https://openalex.org/W2921406441","https://openalex.org/W2961609800","https://openalex.org/W2963684088","https://openalex.org/W3005283024","https://openalex.org/W3025341614","https://openalex.org/W3034100311","https://openalex.org/W3040533934","https://openalex.org/W3080548710","https://openalex.org/W3099358007","https://openalex.org/W3127249761","https://openalex.org/W3207546409","https://openalex.org/W4206902753","https://openalex.org/W4285011942","https://openalex.org/W4312252739","https://openalex.org/W4312938435","https://openalex.org/W4318570524","https://openalex.org/W4327807785"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W4225949190","https://openalex.org/W3193565141","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3029198973","https://openalex.org/W4313341326","https://openalex.org/W4390846322","https://openalex.org/W4282568311"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Deep":[1],"Learning":[2],"(DL)":[3],"is":[4,117,122],"pervasive":[5],"across":[6],"a":[7,106,112,130,156,207],"wide":[8],"variety":[9],"of":[10,33,66,100,111,168,186,210,222,232],"domains.":[11],"Convolutional":[12],"Neural":[13],"Networks":[14],"(CNNs)":[15],"are":[16,27,76],"often":[17,52],"used":[18],"for":[19,42,95,198],"image":[20,43,46,145,199,202,226],"processing":[21],"DL":[22,50],"applications.":[23],"Modern":[24],"CNN":[25],"models":[26,51,240],"growing":[28],"to":[29,58,79,133,150],"meet":[30],"the":[31,59,125,220],"needs":[32,65],"more":[34,211],"sophisticated":[35],"tasks,":[36],"e.g.":[37],"using":[38,124,182,218],"Transposed":[39],"Convolutions":[40],"(TCONVs)":[41],"decompression":[44,200,205],"and":[45,62,109,137,148,201,236],"generation.":[47,203],"Such":[48],"state-of-the-art":[49,239],"target":[53],"GPU-based":[54],"high-performance":[55],"architectures,":[56],"due":[57],"high":[60],"computational":[61],"hardware":[63,98],"resource":[64],"TCONV":[67,101,114,170,192],"layers.":[68,102],"To":[69],"avoid":[70],"prohibitive":[71],"GPU":[72],"energy":[73,230],"costs,":[74],"CNNs":[75],"increasingly":[77],"deployed":[78],"decentralized":[80],"embedded":[81],"autonomous":[82],"devices,":[83],"such":[84],"as":[85],"Field":[86],"Programmable":[87],"Gate":[88],"Arrays":[89],"(FPGAs).":[90],"However,":[91],"this":[92,160,169],"poses":[93],"challenges":[94],"designing":[96],"efficient":[97],"implementations":[99],"This":[103],"paper":[104],"presents":[105],"parameterized":[107],"design":[108,161],"implementation":[110],"new":[113],"module,":[115],"which":[116],"synthesizable":[118],"onto":[119],"FPGAs.":[120],"It":[121],"implemented":[123],"High-Level":[126],"Synthesis":[127],"(HLS),":[128],"through":[129],"C++":[131],"template":[132],"parameterize":[134],"its":[135],"functional":[136],"non-functional":[138],"properties.":[139],"These":[140],"parameters":[141],"allow":[142],"kernel":[143],"sizes,":[144,146],"quantization":[147],"parallelism":[149],"be":[151],"varied":[152],"by":[153,241],"users.":[154],"With":[155],"systematic":[157],"exploration":[158],"in":[159,194],"space,":[162],"we":[163],"find":[164],"an":[165,229],"optimal":[166],"instance":[167],"module":[171],"that":[172],"achieves":[173,206,228],"6.25":[174],"Giga":[175],"Outputs":[176],"per":[177],"Second":[178],"(":[179,215],"Gout/s":[180],")":[181,217],"just":[183],"1.53":[184],"W":[185],"power.":[187],"We":[188],"then":[189],"use":[190],"our":[191],"layer":[193],"two":[195],"neural":[196],"networks":[197],"Image":[204],"speed":[208],"throughput":[209],"than":[212],"30K":[213],"frames-per-second":[214],"fps":[216,234],"only":[219],"16%":[221],"resources":[223],"on":[224],"average,":[225],"generation":[227],"efficiency":[231],"324":[233],"/W":[235],"outperforms":[237],"comparable":[238],"at":[242],"least":[243],"7.3\u00d7.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}