{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210377634","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11265-021-01735-2","title":"Hardware Implementation of a Fixed-Point Decoder for Low-Density Lattice Codes","display_name":"Hardware Implementation of a Fixed-Point Decoder for Low-Density Lattice Codes","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210377634","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11265-021-01735-2","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35222787"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11265-021-01735-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11265-021-01735-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11265-021-01735-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S11258463","display_name":"Journal of Signal Processing Systems","issn_l":"1939-8018","issn":["1939-8018","1939-8115"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Signal Processing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11265-021-01735-2.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059398684","display_name":"Rachna Srivastava","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2711-0264"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rachna Srivastava","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2711-0264","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024704337","display_name":"Vincent Gaudet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5534-0825"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincent C. Gaudet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5534-0825","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090906343","display_name":"Patrick Mitran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6479-1700"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Mitran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6479-1700","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059398684"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"],"apc_list":{"value":3090,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3090},"apc_paid":{"value":3090,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3090},"fwci":0.1136,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.40981904,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"94","issue":"1","first_page":"101","last_page":"116"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.535237193107605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixed-point","display_name":"Fixed point","score":0.5104619264602661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lattice","display_name":"Lattice (music)","score":0.49056047201156616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.4815285801887512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.3224692940711975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.29337388277053833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2726499140262604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.16544494032859802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.07543769478797913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.07066655158996582}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.535237193107605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61445026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217608","display_name":"Fixed point","level":2,"score":0.5104619264602661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781204021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6497091","display_name":"Lattice (music)","level":2,"score":0.49056047201156616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.4815285801887512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.3224692940711975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.29337388277053833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2726499140262604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.16544494032859802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.07543769478797913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.07066655158996582}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11265-021-01735-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11265-021-01735-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11265-021-01735-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S11258463","display_name":"Journal of Signal Processing Systems","issn_l":"1939-8018","issn":["1939-8018","1939-8115"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Signal Processing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35222787","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35222787","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of signal processing systems","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8854306","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8854306","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Signal Process Syst","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:uwspace.uwaterloo.ca:10012/20077","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10012/20077","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401661","display_name":"UWSpace (University of Waterloo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","host_organization_name":"University of Waterloo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11265-021-01735-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11265-021-01735-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11265-021-01735-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S11258463","display_name":"Journal of Signal Processing Systems","issn_l":"1939-8018","issn":["1939-8018","1939-8115"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Signal Processing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307102","display_name":"Intel Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310709","display_name":"CMC Microsystems","ror":"https://ror.org/03k70ea39"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321487","display_name":"Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210377634.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210377634.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536357243","https://openalex.org/W1602895948","https://openalex.org/W1982808889","https://openalex.org/W1983505981","https://openalex.org/W2005196269","https://openalex.org/W2071801372","https://openalex.org/W2086379955","https://openalex.org/W2107301532","https://openalex.org/W2111992817","https://openalex.org/W2125984675","https://openalex.org/W2129983244","https://openalex.org/W2133068391","https://openalex.org/W2135764410","https://openalex.org/W2138577627","https://openalex.org/W2145487138","https://openalex.org/W2154089176","https://openalex.org/W2156938362","https://openalex.org/W2160973043","https://openalex.org/W2162951180","https://openalex.org/W2168838124","https://openalex.org/W2168945554","https://openalex.org/W2603666077","https://openalex.org/W2739656085","https://openalex.org/W3167322117","https://openalex.org/W4210377634","https://openalex.org/W6630542212","https://openalex.org/W6688257248"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1,183],"paper":[2,81],"describes":[3],"a":[4,11,34,58,83,96,131,147,153,162,197],"field-programmable":[5],"gate":[6],"array":[7],"(FPGA)":[8],"implementation":[9,175,184],"of":[10,49,85,88,99,106,149,155],"fixed-point":[12,54],"low-density":[13],"lattice":[14],"code":[15],"(LDLC)":[16],"decoder":[17,55,91,119],"where":[18,123],"the":[19,27,46,53,75,80,86,89,100,107,112,139],"Gaussian":[20],"mixture":[21],"messages":[22],"that":[23],"are":[24,31,71],"exchanged":[25],"during":[26],"iterative":[28],"decoding":[29],"process":[30],"approximated":[32],"to":[33,44,56,65,73,134,173],"single":[35],"Gaussian.":[36],"A":[37,115],"detailed":[38,97],"quantization":[39],"study":[40],"is":[41,121,161],"first":[42],"performed":[43],"find":[45],"minimum":[47],"number":[48],"bits":[50],"required":[51,76],"for":[52,111,130],"attain":[57],"frame":[59],"error":[60],"rate":[61],"(FER)":[62],"performance":[63,87],"similar":[64],"floating-point.":[66],"Then":[67],"efficient":[68],"numerical":[69],"methods":[70],"devised":[72],"approximate":[74],"non-linear":[77],"functions.":[78],"Finally,":[79],"presents":[82],"comparison":[84],"different":[90,113],"architectures":[92],"as":[93,95],"well":[94],"analysis":[98],"resource":[101,124],"requirements":[102],"and":[103],"throughput":[104,148,171,195],"trade-offs":[105],"primary":[108],"design":[109],"blocks":[110],"architectures.":[114],"novel":[116],"pipelined":[117,144],"LDLC":[118],"architecture":[120,145],"proposed":[122],"re-utilization":[125],"along":[126],"with":[127,176],"pipelining":[128],"allows":[129],"parallelism":[132],"equivalent":[133],"50":[135],"variable":[136,179],"nodes":[137,180],"on":[138],"target":[140],"FPGA":[141],"device.":[142],"The":[143],"attains":[146],"10.5":[150],"Msymbols/sec":[151],"at":[152],"distance":[154],"5":[156],"dB":[157],"from":[158],"capacity":[159],"which":[160],"1.8":[163],"$$\\times$$":[164,188],"<mml:math":[165,189],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">":[166,190],"<mml:mo>\u00d7</mml:mo>":[167,191],"</mml:math>":[168,192],"improvement":[169,193],"in":[170,194],"compared":[172],"an":[174],"20":[177],"parallel":[178],"without":[181],"pipelining.":[182],"also":[185],"achieves":[186],"24":[187],"over":[196],"baseline":[198],"serial":[199],"decoder.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}