{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7151571245","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-026-02773-8","title":"Handwritten Arabic Text Recognition: A Review of Recent Trends and Future Direction","display_name":"Handwritten Arabic Text Recognition: A Review of Recent Trends and Future Direction","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7151571245","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-026-02773-8"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11263-026-02773-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-026-02773-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11263-026-02773-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S25538012","display_name":"International Journal of Computer Vision","issn_l":"0920-5691","issn":["0920-5691","1573-1405"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computer Vision","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11263-026-02773-8.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118337893","display_name":"Fatima Aliyu Shugaba","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64351976","display_name":"University of Maiduguri","ror":"https://ror.org/016na8197","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64351976"]}],"countries":["MY","NG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fatima Aliyu Shugaba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, 600004, Borno, Nigeria","Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81300, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4800-4967","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, 600004, Borno, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64351976"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81300, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075184201","display_name":"Usman Ullah Sheikh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9054-093X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Usman Ullah Sheikh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81300, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81300, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052538456","display_name":"Mohd Afzan Othman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohd Afzan Othman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81300, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81300, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106206834","display_name":"Nurulaqilla Khamis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nurulaqilla Khamis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81300, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81300, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117567333","display_name":"Muhammad Habibullah Abdulfattah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3954-8319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64351976","display_name":"University of Maiduguri","ror":"https://ror.org/016na8197","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64351976"]}],"countries":["MY","NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Habibullah Abdulfattah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, 600004, Borno, Nigeria","Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81300, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, 600004, Borno, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64351976"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81300, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5118337893"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418","https://openalex.org/I64351976"],"apc_list":{"value":2890,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3690},"apc_paid":{"value":2890,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3690},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73748028,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"134","issue":"5","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.975600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.975600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cursive","display_name":"Cursive","score":0.8547000288963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scripting-language","display_name":"Scripting language","score":0.7222999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting","display_name":"Handwriting","score":0.6793000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting-recognition","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","score":0.6410999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-character-recognition","display_name":"Intelligent character recognition","score":0.5436999797821045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strengths-and-weaknesses","display_name":"Strengths and weaknesses","score":0.5302000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arabic-script","display_name":"Arabic script","score":0.5110999941825867}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778943297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1079418","display_name":"Cursive","level":2,"score":0.8547000288963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8047999739646912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61423126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187432","display_name":"Scripting language","level":2,"score":0.7222999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779386606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393642","display_name":"Handwriting","level":2,"score":0.6793000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6728000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112640561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2440634","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","level":3,"score":0.6410999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5981000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44868376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3099089","display_name":"Intelligent character recognition","level":4,"score":0.5436999797821045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63882131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17122954","display_name":"Strengths and weaknesses","level":2,"score":0.5302000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777323237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1828555","display_name":"Arabic script","level":3,"score":0.5110999941825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96455323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13955","display_name":"Arabic","level":2,"score":0.4916999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983812711","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Text recognition","level":3,"score":0.43799999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.390500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67905146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5287646","display_name":"Document processing","level":2,"score":0.39010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.3255000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987247673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Character recognition","level":3,"score":0.304500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17649283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6044162","display_name":"Intelligent word recognition","level":5,"score":0.2809999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79581498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367530","display_name":"Suite","level":2,"score":0.2741999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546480517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Optical character recognition","level":3,"score":0.26440000534057617}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11263-026-02773-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-026-02773-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11263-026-02773-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S25538012","display_name":"International Journal of Computer Vision","issn_l":"0920-5691","issn":["0920-5691","1573-1405"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computer Vision","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11263-026-02773-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-026-02773-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11263-026-02773-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S25538012","display_name":"International Journal of Computer Vision","issn_l":"0920-5691","issn":["0920-5691","1573-1405"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computer Vision","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8630371689796448,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323300","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7151571245.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7151571245.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":109,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W71815513","https://openalex.org/W108973067","https://openalex.org/W1946683543","https://openalex.org/W1980175331","https://openalex.org/W1988948098","https://openalex.org/W1993312227","https://openalex.org/W1997549523","https://openalex.org/W2002732940","https://openalex.org/W2002859300","https://openalex.org/W2004089144","https://openalex.org/W2018877761","https://openalex.org/W2028377322","https://openalex.org/W2030881003","https://openalex.org/W2039215914","https://openalex.org/W2050828411","https://openalex.org/W2057984651","https://openalex.org/W2063997600","https://openalex.org/W2076886798","https://openalex.org/W2081870207","https://openalex.org/W2105518985","https://openalex.org/W2106268791","https://openalex.org/W2108736209","https://openalex.org/W2116516673","https://openalex.org/W2131136121","https://openalex.org/W2136221756","https://openalex.org/W2142069714","https://openalex.org/W2152352399","https://openalex.org/W2171927392","https://openalex.org/W2182963737","https://openalex.org/W2303931467","https://openalex.org/W2316602945","https://openalex.org/W2326385891","https://openalex.org/W2335492084","https://openalex.org/W2467325985","https://openalex.org/W2566835784","https://openalex.org/W2578197345","https://openalex.org/W2583139928","https://openalex.org/W2617552047","https://openalex.org/W2703019283","https://openalex.org/W2767419106","https://openalex.org/W2793602411","https://openalex.org/W2795751515","https://openalex.org/W2809047462","https://openalex.org/W2861605466","https://openalex.org/W2895421669","https://openalex.org/W2926969098","https://openalex.org/W2930015440","https://openalex.org/W2971169477","https://openalex.org/W2975652112","https://openalex.org/W2991905332","https://openalex.org/W2994446889","https://openalex.org/W3004048800","https://openalex.org/W3014059577","https://openalex.org/W3021155294","https://openalex.org/W3024091087","https://openalex.org/W3037416520","https://openalex.org/W3037641445","https://openalex.org/W3042634126","https://openalex.org/W3082502703","https://openalex.org/W3082773313","https://openalex.org/W3092482593","https://openalex.org/W3094438540","https://openalex.org/W3118598696","https://openalex.org/W3121681142","https://openalex.org/W3124204514","https://openalex.org/W3132722649","https://openalex.org/W3135253049","https://openalex.org/W3136334766","https://openalex.org/W3168011262","https://openalex.org/W3172417134","https://openalex.org/W3177284292","https://openalex.org/W3188253016","https://openalex.org/W3197942547","https://openalex.org/W3206499828","https://openalex.org/W3211714351","https://openalex.org/W3216453991","https://openalex.org/W4200131529","https://openalex.org/W4207029058","https://openalex.org/W4210353672","https://openalex.org/W4213106045","https://openalex.org/W4220861182","https://openalex.org/W4224230534","https://openalex.org/W4225275456","https://openalex.org/W4226198360","https://openalex.org/W4229016778","https://openalex.org/W4280578488","https://openalex.org/W4280616394","https://openalex.org/W4281621698","https://openalex.org/W4283732474","https://openalex.org/W4283781662","https://openalex.org/W4285166436","https://openalex.org/W4288075678","https://openalex.org/W4288754595","https://openalex.org/W4296391946","https://openalex.org/W4297477854","https://openalex.org/W4303981486","https://openalex.org/W4307873954","https://openalex.org/W4310831443","https://openalex.org/W4312063390","https://openalex.org/W4313549103","https://openalex.org/W4317566001","https://openalex.org/W4317705930","https://openalex.org/W4328053402","https://openalex.org/W4362559412","https://openalex.org/W4362612070","https://openalex.org/W4382402998","https://openalex.org/W4383560841","https://openalex.org/W4389371612","https://openalex.org/W4394948744"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Handwriting":[0,41],"recognition":[1,22,42,69,95],"is":[2,79],"an":[3],"important":[4],"research":[5,127,162],"area":[6],"in":[7,93,129,144],"the":[8,50,72,85,126,136,139,145,147,154],"domains":[9],"of":[10,23,52,97,125,135,141,156],"computer":[11],"vision":[12],"(CV),":[13],"pattern":[14],"recognition,":[15],"and":[16,36,47,59,104,117,159],"Natural":[17],"Language":[18],"Processing":[19],"(NLP).":[20],"Accurate":[21],"handwritten":[24,66],"text":[25,68,89],"has":[26,43],"numerous":[27],"applications,":[28],"including":[29,55],"digitizing":[30],"historical":[31],"documents,":[32],"automating":[33],"data":[34],"entry,":[35],"document":[37],"analysis":[38],"or":[39],"verification.":[40],"been":[44,111],"researched":[45],"widely":[46,83],"applied":[48],"to":[49,113],"scripts":[51],"various":[53,108],"languages":[54],"Latin,":[56],"Chinese,":[57],"Hindi,":[58],"Arabic.":[60],"This":[61,119],"study":[62,124],"focuses":[63],"on":[64],"offline":[65,130],"Arabic":[67,88],"(HATR),":[70],"addressing":[71],"unique":[73],"challenges":[74,92,116],"posed":[75],"by":[76],"Arabic,":[77],"which":[78],"a":[80,122],"language":[81],"spoken":[82],"across":[84],"globe.":[86],"Handwritten":[87],"poses":[90],"significant":[91],"handwriting":[94],"because":[96],"its":[98],"cursive":[99],"nature,":[100],"rich":[101],"calligraphic":[102],"styles":[103],"varied":[105],"diacritics.":[106],"Hence,":[107],"methods":[109,142],"have":[110],"explored":[112],"address":[114],"these":[115],"complexities.":[118],"paper":[120],"presents":[121],"comprehensive":[123],"advances":[128],"HATR.":[131],"It":[132],"includes":[133],"review":[134],"background,":[137],"challenges,":[138],"strengths":[140],"proposed":[143],"literature,":[146],"solutions":[148],"offered,":[149],"as":[150,152],"well":[151],"highlights":[153],"weaknesses":[155],"each":[157],"technique":[158],"finally,":[160],"future":[161],"direction.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-01T08:36:08.643496","created_date":"2026-04-08T00:00:00"}