{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4296617573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-022-01676-8","title":"A Realism Metric for Generated LiDAR Point Clouds","display_name":"A Realism Metric for Generated LiDAR Point Clouds","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4296617573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-022-01676-8"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11263-022-01676-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-022-01676-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11263-022-01676-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S25538012","display_name":"International Journal of Computer Vision","issn_l":"0920-5691","issn":["0920-5691","1573-1405"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computer Vision","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11263-022-01676-8.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043680511","display_name":"Larissa T. Triess","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0037-8460"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1332474105","display_name":"Mercedes-Benz (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/055rn2a38","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332474105"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Larissa T. Triess","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","Mercedes-Benz AG, Stuttgart, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mercedes-Benz AG, Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1332474105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019909904","display_name":"Christoph B. Rist","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4578-1616"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1332474105","display_name":"Mercedes-Benz (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/055rn2a38","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332474105"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph B. Rist","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mercedes-Benz AG, Stuttgart, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mercedes-Benz AG, Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1332474105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017995708","display_name":"David Peter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7950-9915"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889804353","display_name":"Robert Bosch (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/01fe0jt45","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889804353"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1332474105","display_name":"Mercedes-Benz (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/055rn2a38","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332474105"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Peter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mercedes-Benz AG, Stuttgart, Germany","Robert-Bosch GmbH, Stuttgart, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mercedes-Benz AG, Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1332474105"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robert-Bosch GmbH, Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889804353"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060028048","display_name":"J. Marius Z\u00f6llner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6190-7202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143379178","display_name":"FZI Research Center for Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04kdh6x72","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143379178"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Marius Z\u00f6llner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","Research Center for Information Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Information Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143379178"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043680511"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1332474105"],"apc_list":{"value":2890,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3690},"apc_paid":{"value":2890,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3690},"fwci":1.3234,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76188296,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"130","issue":"12","first_page":"2962","last_page":"2979"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.7401545643806458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.7277058362960815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.717136025428772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6806446313858032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.6598379015922546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5045415163040161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.4146724343299866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.37937211990356445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3490879535675049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17979589104652405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.15527161955833435}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.7401545643806458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.7277058362960815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.717136025428772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6806446313858032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.6598379015922546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5045415163040161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4146724343299866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.37937211990356445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3490879535675049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17979589104652405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.15527161955833435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11263-022-01676-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-022-01676-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11263-022-01676-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S25538012","display_name":"International Journal of Computer Vision","issn_l":"0920-5691","issn":["0920-5691","1573-1405"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computer Vision","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:EVASTAR-Karlsruhe.de:1000151642","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000151642","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401992","display_name":"Repository KITopen (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","host_organization_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computer Vision, 130, 2962\u20132979","raw_type":"doc-type:article"},{"id":"doi:10.5445/ir/1000151642","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/1000151642","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052948","display_name":"KITopen","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11263-022-01676-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-022-01676-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11263-022-01676-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S25538012","display_name":"International Journal of Computer Vision","issn_l":"0920-5691","issn":["0920-5691","1573-1405"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computer Vision","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4296617573.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4296617573.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2115579991","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2173520492","https://openalex.org/W2331128040","https://openalex.org/W2434741482","https://openalex.org/W2560609797","https://openalex.org/W2566832195","https://openalex.org/W2592101326","https://openalex.org/W2617539464","https://openalex.org/W2623550831","https://openalex.org/W2624503621","https://openalex.org/W2724651715","https://openalex.org/W2725155646","https://openalex.org/W2749617271","https://openalex.org/W2784996692","https://openalex.org/W2785838823","https://openalex.org/W2786691175","https://openalex.org/W2804161309","https://openalex.org/W2894176037","https://openalex.org/W2912808728","https://openalex.org/W2946647719","https://openalex.org/W2953554625","https://openalex.org/W2962974533","https://openalex.org/W2962974898","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2963185411","https://openalex.org/W2963290659","https://openalex.org/W2963470893","https://openalex.org/W2963775347","https://openalex.org/W2963981733","https://openalex.org/W2964024144","https://openalex.org/W2968557240","https://openalex.org/W2970452316","https://openalex.org/W2985683375","https://openalex.org/W3003437478","https://openalex.org/W3003474258","https://openalex.org/W3014080044","https://openalex.org/W3035574168","https://openalex.org/W3080427797","https://openalex.org/W3099917135","https://openalex.org/W4205629240","https://openalex.org/W4221151585","https://openalex.org/W4285522904","https://openalex.org/W4300544062","https://openalex.org/W4313186194","https://openalex.org/W4313291192","https://openalex.org/W6661898942","https://openalex.org/W6674887261","https://openalex.org/W6687484953","https://openalex.org/W6688325169","https://openalex.org/W6694605516","https://openalex.org/W6718379498","https://openalex.org/W6730510695","https://openalex.org/W6732211744","https://openalex.org/W6733322467","https://openalex.org/W6745935785","https://openalex.org/W6746090280","https://openalex.org/W6751990271","https://openalex.org/W6753640700","https://openalex.org/W6779669310"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W2956374172","https://openalex.org/W4319837668","https://openalex.org/W4308071650","https://openalex.org/W3188333020","https://openalex.org/W1964041166","https://openalex.org/W4390887692","https://openalex.org/W4293094720","https://openalex.org/W2739701376"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"A":[1],"considerable":[2],"amount":[3],"of":[4,11,53,82,106,112,119,128,134],"research":[5],"is":[6,30],"concerned":[7],"with":[8],"the":[9,51,54,80,110,117,125,132,147],"generation":[10],"realistic":[12,60],"sensor":[13],"data.":[14],"LiDAR":[15,83,121],"point":[16,84,94],"clouds":[17,95],"are":[18,88],"generated":[19,28,55,120],"by":[20,96],"complex":[21],"simulations":[22],"or":[23,35],"learned":[24,89],"generative":[25],"models.":[26],"The":[27],"data":[29,61,122],"usually":[31],"exploited":[32],"to":[33,49,64,78,115,131],"enable":[34],"improve":[36],"downstream":[37,148],"perception":[38,66],"algorithms.":[39],"Two":[40],"major":[41],"questions":[42,72],"arise":[43],"from":[44,90],"these":[45],"procedures:":[46],"First,":[47],"how":[48],"evaluate":[50],"realism":[52,81,118,126],"data?":[56],"Second,":[57],"does":[58],"more":[59],"also":[62],"lead":[63],"better":[65],"performance?":[67],"This":[68],"paper":[69],"addresses":[70],"both":[71],"and":[73,92,123],"presents":[74],"a":[75,99,104,135],"novel":[76],"metric":[77,114,130,142],"quantify":[79],"clouds.":[85],"Relevant":[86],"features":[87],"real-world":[91],"synthetic":[93],"training":[97],"on":[98],"proxy":[100],"classification":[101],"task.":[102],"In":[103],"series":[105],"experiments,":[107],"we":[108],"demonstrate":[109],"application":[111],"our":[113,129,141],"determine":[116],"compare":[124],"estimation":[127],"performance":[133],"segmentation":[136,149],"model.":[137],"We":[138],"confirm":[139],"that":[140],"provides":[143],"an":[144],"indication":[145],"for":[146],"performance.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}