{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4383340318","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11241-023-09401-5","title":"A real-time vital control module to increase capabilities of railway control systems in highly automated train operations","display_name":"A real-time vital control module to increase capabilities of railway control systems in highly automated train operations","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4383340318","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11241-023-09401-5"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11241-023-09401-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11241-023-09401-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11241-023-09401-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183885566","display_name":"Real-Time Systems","issn_l":"0922-6443","issn":["0922-6443","1573-1383"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Real-Time Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11241-023-09401-5.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031072504","display_name":"Arturo Amendola","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117345","display_name":"Trenitalia (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/02c4sht73","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117345"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arturo Amendola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rete Ferroviaria Italiana SpA, 80021, Afragola, NA, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rete Ferroviaria Italiana SpA, 80021, Afragola, NA, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117345"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040622270","display_name":"Mario Barbareschi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1417-6328"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71267560","display_name":"University of Naples Federico II","ror":"https://ror.org/05290cv24","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mario Barbareschi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica E delle Tecnologie Dell\u2019Informazione, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80125, Naples, Italy","Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica E delle Tecnologie Dell'Informazione, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80125, Naples, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica E delle Tecnologie Dell\u2019Informazione, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80125, Naples, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica E delle Tecnologie Dell'Informazione, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80125, Naples, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090375093","display_name":"Salvatore De Simone","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117345","display_name":"Trenitalia (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/02c4sht73","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117345"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salvatore De Simone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rete Ferroviaria Italiana SpA, 80021, Afragola, NA, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rete Ferroviaria Italiana SpA, 80021, Afragola, NA, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117345"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045773195","display_name":"Giovanni Mezzina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3927-8686"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68618741","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Bari","ror":"https://ror.org/03c44v465","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68618741"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Mezzina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell\u2019Informazione, Politecnico di Bari, 70125, Bari, Italy","Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell'Informazione, Politecnico di Bari, 70125, Bari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3927-8686","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell\u2019Informazione, Politecnico di Bari, 70125, Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68618741"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell'Informazione, Politecnico di Bari, 70125, Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68618741"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054341978","display_name":"Alberto Moriconi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9275-4608"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117345","display_name":"Trenitalia (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/02c4sht73","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117345"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alberto Moriconi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rete Ferroviaria Italiana SpA, 80021, Afragola, NA, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rete Ferroviaria Italiana SpA, 80021, Afragola, NA, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117345"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054339257","display_name":"Cataldo Luciano Saragaglia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68618741","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Bari","ror":"https://ror.org/03c44v465","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68618741"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cataldo Luciano Saragaglia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell\u2019Informazione, Politecnico di Bari, 70125, Bari, Italy","Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell'Informazione, Politecnico di Bari, 70125, Bari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell\u2019Informazione, Politecnico di Bari, 70125, Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68618741"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell'Informazione, Politecnico di Bari, 70125, Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68618741"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069455146","display_name":"Diana Serra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-7858"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117345","display_name":"Trenitalia (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/02c4sht73","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117345"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diana Serra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rete Ferroviaria Italiana SpA, 80021, Afragola, NA, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rete Ferroviaria Italiana SpA, 80021, Afragola, NA, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117345"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029547724","display_name":"Daniela De Venuto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4563-7614"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68618741","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Bari","ror":"https://ror.org/03c44v465","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68618741"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniela De Venuto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell\u2019Informazione, Politecnico di Bari, 70125, Bari, Italy","Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell'Informazione, Politecnico di Bari, 70125, Bari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell\u2019Informazione, Politecnico di Bari, 70125, Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68618741"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell'Informazione, Politecnico di Bari, 70125, Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68618741"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045773195"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68618741"],"apc_list":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2790},"apc_paid":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2790},"fwci":2.6506,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90103493,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"59","issue":"4","first_page":"636","last_page":"661"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11125","display_name":"Petri Nets in System Modeling","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.7063182592391968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/train","display_name":"Train","score":0.6455950736999512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.6262920498847961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stateflow","display_name":"Stateflow","score":0.5370759963989258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5203249454498291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-logic","display_name":"Control logic","score":0.5091301798820496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limiting","display_name":"Limiting","score":0.47805076837539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-system","display_name":"Control system","score":0.47536391019821167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.46507737040519714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programmable-logic-controller","display_name":"Programmable logic controller","score":0.45984068512916565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/avionics","display_name":"Avionics","score":0.4130297005176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3549233078956604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3387409448623657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.33564066886901855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.21665161848068237}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.7063182592391968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190839683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2448197","display_name":"Train","level":2,"score":0.6455950736999512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.6262920498847961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779752788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1266659","display_name":"Stateflow","level":3,"score":0.5370759963989258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5203249454498291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776350369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843479","display_name":"Control logic","level":2,"score":0.5091301798820496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.47805076837539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.47536391019821167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.46507737040519714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37374048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188674","display_name":"Programmable logic controller","level":2,"score":0.45984068512916565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15792166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221329","display_name":"Avionics","level":2,"score":0.4130297005176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3549233078956604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3387409448623657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.33564066886901855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.21665161848068237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780365114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169478","display_name":"MATLAB","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11241-023-09401-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11241-023-09401-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11241-023-09401-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183885566","display_name":"Real-Time Systems","issn_l":"0922-6443","issn":["0922-6443","1573-1383"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Real-Time Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11241-023-09401-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11241-023-09401-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11241-023-09401-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183885566","display_name":"Real-Time Systems","issn_l":"0922-6443","issn":["0922-6443","1573-1383"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Real-Time Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6100000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4383340318.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977708885","https://openalex.org/W2106202449","https://openalex.org/W2145132630","https://openalex.org/W2570030068","https://openalex.org/W2766282873","https://openalex.org/W3005846113","https://openalex.org/W3163982199","https://openalex.org/W3194107912","https://openalex.org/W3209735586"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2367701361","https://openalex.org/W2390117768","https://openalex.org/W2073853134","https://openalex.org/W2378667787","https://openalex.org/W2357576086","https://openalex.org/W2391573273","https://openalex.org/W2347905265","https://openalex.org/W2367186401","https://openalex.org/W2375245730","https://openalex.org/W2366118248"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Recent":[1],"advances":[2],"in":[3,142,236],"technology":[4],"and":[5,14,104,113,144,166],"railway":[6],"have":[7,182],"led":[8],"to":[9,38,93,117,186,250,266],"the":[10,48,76,80,97,139,172,179,188,195,201,209,228,237,241,246,259,267],"introduction":[11],"of":[12,17,43,74,79,221,224,231],"systems":[13,41,264],"infrastructures":[15],"capable":[16,42,73],"driving":[18],"trains":[19],"automatically.":[20],"The":[21,34,85,124,153,214],"Automatic":[22],"Train":[23],"Operation":[24],"(ATO)":[25],"system":[26],"has":[27,156],"been":[28,157],"optimized":[29],"for":[30,227],"active":[31],"human":[32],"supervision.":[33],"next":[35],"challenge":[36],"is":[37,204],"realize":[39],"ATO":[40],"achieving":[44],"unsupervised":[45],"operations":[46],"on":[47,171,178],"mainlines.":[49],"However,":[50],"at":[51],"this":[52,61],"aim,":[53],"additional":[54],"safety":[55,122],"functionalities":[56],"should":[57],"be":[58,94,118],"provided.":[59],"In":[60],"paper,":[62],"we":[63],"propose":[64],"a":[65,88,102,160,169],"pioneer":[66],"hardware/software":[67],"Vital":[68],"Control":[69],"Module":[70],"(VCM)":[71],"architecture":[72],"expanding":[75],"control":[77,83,136],"capabilities":[78,235],"existing":[81],"train":[82,233,262],"system.":[84],"VCM":[86,125,189,247],"includes":[87],"Printed":[89],"Circuit":[90],"Board":[91],"(PCB),":[92],"integrated":[95],"into":[96],"cabin":[98],"equipment,":[99],"managed":[100],"by":[101,200],"reliable":[103],"safe":[105],"hard":[106],"Real-Time":[107],"Operating":[108],"System":[109],"(RTOS).":[110],"Both":[111],"hardware":[112],"software":[114],"are":[115],"developed":[116,158],"compliant":[119],"with":[120,159],"related":[121,268],"standards.":[123],"integrates":[126],"an":[127,133],"application":[128,154,202],"logic":[129,155,203],"that":[130,194,245],"acts":[131],"as":[132,168],"on-board":[134],"equipment":[135],"core,":[137],"assessing":[138],"overall":[140],"operativity":[141],"real-time,":[143],"promptly":[145],"issuing":[146],"emergency":[147],"brakes":[148],"if":[149],"hazardous":[150,252],"situations":[151,253],"occur.":[152],"model-based":[161],"approach":[162],"via":[163],"Simulink/Stateflow":[164],"tool":[165],"implemented":[167],"C-script":[170],"Xilinx":[173],"Ultrascale":[174],"+":[175],"core":[176],"housed":[177],"PCB.":[180],"We":[181],"used":[183],"two":[184],"testbeds":[185],"evaluate":[187],"performance.":[190],"Experimental":[191],"results":[192],"showed":[193,244],"Worst-Case":[196],"Response":[197],"Time":[198],"(WCRT)":[199],"13.6":[205],"times":[206,256],"smaller":[207],"than":[208,258],"most":[210],"limiting":[211],"specification-related":[212],"deadline.":[213],"achieved":[215],"earliness":[216],"(\u2212":[217],"1.8":[218],"ms":[219,223],"out":[220],"2":[222,255],"deadline)":[225],"allows":[226],"easy":[229],"expansion":[230],"VCM\u2019s":[232],"protection":[234,263],"future.":[238],"Results":[239],"from":[240],"second":[242],"testbed":[243],"can":[248],"intervene":[249],"mitigate":[251],"~":[254],"faster":[257],"current":[260],"automatic":[261],"according":[265],"standard.":[269]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T06:13:01.061226","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}