{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7130830077","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-025-01398-5","title":"Root of trust: survey, taxonomy, and open challenges","display_name":"Root of trust: survey, taxonomy, and open challenges","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7130830077","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-025-01398-5"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11235-025-01398-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-025-01398-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S145894672","display_name":"Telecommunication Systems","issn_l":"1018-4864","issn":["1018-4864","1572-9451"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Telecommunication Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037113455","display_name":"Nehal Al-Otaiby","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76571253","display_name":"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/038cy8j79","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nehal F. Al-Otaiby","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Department, Deanship of Preparatory Year and Supporting Studies, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia","Information and Computer Science Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Department, Deanship of Preparatory Year and Supporting Studies, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information and Computer Science Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126546311","display_name":"Mohammad Hammoudeh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Hammoudeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information and Computer Science Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information and Computer Science Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060849781","display_name":"Jameleddine Hassine","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8170-9860"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159129438","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/002rjbv21","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159129438","https://openalex.org/I49663120"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jameleddine Hassine","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, H2X 3Y7, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, H2X 3Y7, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159129438"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088617561","display_name":"Ali Kashif Bashir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2601-9327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","display_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hstj355","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Kashif Bashir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037113455"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113","https://openalex.org/I76571253"],"apc_list":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2790},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.22517605,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"89","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.757099986076355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.757099986076355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.2101999968290329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.00570000009611249,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7203999757766724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trusted-computing","display_name":"Trusted Computing","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.6513000130653381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/root","display_name":"Root (linguistics)","score":0.6491000056266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-research","display_name":"Open research","score":0.5746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5534999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5534999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taxonomy","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","score":0.4708999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cornerstone","display_name":"Cornerstone","score":0.43779999017715454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8366000056266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7203999757766724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776831232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q966812","display_name":"Trusted Computing","level":2,"score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6513000130653381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171078966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111029","display_name":"Root (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6491000056266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5802000164985657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778464652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309849","display_name":"Open research","level":2,"score":0.5746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5534999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5534999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4708999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780616401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133673","display_name":"Cornerstone","level":2,"score":0.43779999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.43309998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.429500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84945661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7366567","display_name":"Root cause","level":2,"score":0.39629998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184356942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830382","display_name":"Best practice","level":2,"score":0.39500001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.3750999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3472999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.33180001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.32339999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.3093999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130963320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1401207","display_name":"Root cause analysis","level":2,"score":0.3052000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33762810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461671","display_name":"Data integrity","level":2,"score":0.2962999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169796023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3708936","display_name":"Direct Anonymous Attestation","level":3,"score":0.28119999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154800190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16941470","display_name":"Trust anchor","level":4,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198140048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10859422","display_name":"Software versioning","level":3,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.25380000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.2531999945640564}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11235-025-01398-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-025-01398-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S145894672","display_name":"Telecommunication Systems","issn_l":"1018-4864","issn":["1018-4864","1572-9451"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Telecommunication Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6252169609069824,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":106,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W128784951","https://openalex.org/W271922137","https://openalex.org/W808860418","https://openalex.org/W1982013328","https://openalex.org/W1982291733","https://openalex.org/W1986372658","https://openalex.org/W2011491452","https://openalex.org/W2036329595","https://openalex.org/W2060992388","https://openalex.org/W2075095478","https://openalex.org/W2088455835","https://openalex.org/W2130234299","https://openalex.org/W2135274013","https://openalex.org/W2145486326","https://openalex.org/W2150002245","https://openalex.org/W2156523427","https://openalex.org/W2165110885","https://openalex.org/W2169708544","https://openalex.org/W2293895957","https://openalex.org/W2337867785","https://openalex.org/W2388447476","https://openalex.org/W2496436221","https://openalex.org/W2521073554","https://openalex.org/W2563706969","https://openalex.org/W2583196029","https://openalex.org/W2586755859","https://openalex.org/W2591310874","https://openalex.org/W2604623598","https://openalex.org/W2617404243","https://openalex.org/W2777564027","https://openalex.org/W2787080794","https://openalex.org/W2789806402","https://openalex.org/W2801237935","https://openalex.org/W2893010297","https://openalex.org/W2899396117","https://openalex.org/W2899688953","https://openalex.org/W2908153278","https://openalex.org/W2909393755","https://openalex.org/W2910123283","https://openalex.org/W2913096406","https://openalex.org/W2929650703","https://openalex.org/W2930843880","https://openalex.org/W2943110796","https://openalex.org/W2943321683","https://openalex.org/W2946397897","https://openalex.org/W2946575766","https://openalex.org/W2968105782","https://openalex.org/W2979935728","https://openalex.org/W3004928495","https://openalex.org/W3007611003","https://openalex.org/W3009316068","https://openalex.org/W3011082615","https://openalex.org/W3012241133","https://openalex.org/W3016246341","https://openalex.org/W3022091668","https://openalex.org/W3035253905","https://openalex.org/W3036617119","https://openalex.org/W3038168571","https://openalex.org/W3046248117","https://openalex.org/W3059807238","https://openalex.org/W3083146223","https://openalex.org/W3091851234","https://openalex.org/W3092077023","https://openalex.org/W3094312506","https://openalex.org/W3113662991","https://openalex.org/W3113852572","https://openalex.org/W3126410834","https://openalex.org/W3127166620","https://openalex.org/W3155766572","https://openalex.org/W3157864344","https://openalex.org/W3160472750","https://openalex.org/W3163373592","https://openalex.org/W3164762402","https://openalex.org/W3171119979","https://openalex.org/W3181455672","https://openalex.org/W3186150091","https://openalex.org/W3197529661","https://openalex.org/W3205548033","https://openalex.org/W3208807485","https://openalex.org/W3210069634","https://openalex.org/W3210867987","https://openalex.org/W3214365494","https://openalex.org/W4206394680","https://openalex.org/W4206776660","https://openalex.org/W4207001703","https://openalex.org/W4210651754","https://openalex.org/W4220729352","https://openalex.org/W4229456371","https://openalex.org/W4236786653","https://openalex.org/W4285334090","https://openalex.org/W4285345271","https://openalex.org/W4294691594","https://openalex.org/W4311127155","https://openalex.org/W4312269427","https://openalex.org/W4313898441","https://openalex.org/W4361268697","https://openalex.org/W4361733773","https://openalex.org/W4362716538","https://openalex.org/W4366087617","https://openalex.org/W4378192437","https://openalex.org/W4382490901","https://openalex.org/W4388132325","https://openalex.org/W4390188228","https://openalex.org/W4399584967","https://openalex.org/W4405440644","https://openalex.org/W4406461583"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T06:13:01.061226","created_date":"2026-02-22T00:00:00"}
