{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3034649601","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-020-02714-z","title":"Degrees of freedom","display_name":"Degrees of freedom","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3034649601","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-020-02714-z","mag":"3034649601"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11229-020-02714-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-020-02714-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11229-020-02714-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S255146","display_name":"Synthese","issn_l":"0039-7857","issn":["0039-7857","1573-0964"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Synthese","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11229-020-02714-z.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018081917","display_name":"Pieter Thyssen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3080-6374"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pieter Thyssen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Logic and Philosophy of Science, Institute of Philosophy, KU Leuven, Kardinaal Mercierplein 2, 3000, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3080-6374","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Logic and Philosophy of Science, Institute of Philosophy, KU Leuven, Kardinaal Mercierplein 2, 3000, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072884667","display_name":"Sylvia Wenmackers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1041-3533"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sylvia Wenmackers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Logic and Philosophy of Science, Institute of Philosophy, KU Leuven, Kardinaal Mercierplein 2, 3000, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Logic and Philosophy of Science, Institute of Philosophy, KU Leuven, Kardinaal Mercierplein 2, 3000, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018081917"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":0.7913,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70846063,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"198","issue":"11","first_page":"10207","last_page":"10235"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12448","display_name":"Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13044","display_name":"Biofield Effects and Biophysics","score":0.9776999950408936,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indeterminism","display_name":"Indeterminism","score":0.9805546998977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/determinism","display_name":"Determinism","score":0.9160604476928711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.7018298506736755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaphysics","display_name":"Metaphysics","score":0.5955042839050293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy-of-science","display_name":"Philosophy of science","score":0.5662321448326111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-will","display_name":"Free will","score":0.5628467798233032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy-of-language","display_name":"Philosophy of language","score":0.5149017572402954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degrees-of-freedom","display_name":"Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)","score":0.48836657404899597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-physics","display_name":"Theoretical physics","score":0.43764957785606384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indeterminacy","display_name":"Indeterminacy (philosophy)","score":0.43246525526046753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conventionalism","display_name":"Conventionalism","score":0.42175859212875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3807987570762634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.3655688166618347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3569035530090332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.3382519483566284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2243518829345703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.08999404311180115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777041938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q876695","display_name":"Indeterminism","level":3,"score":0.9805546998977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192183473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131133","display_name":"Determinism","level":2,"score":0.9160604476928711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.7018298506736755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182744844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35277","display_name":"Metaphysics","level":2,"score":0.5955042839050293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110099512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59115","display_name":"Philosophy of science","level":2,"score":0.5662321448326111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521304379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9476","display_name":"Free will","level":2,"score":0.5628467798233032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123556308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484761","display_name":"Philosophy of language","level":3,"score":0.5149017572402954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C208081375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274502","display_name":"Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.48836657404899597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.43764957785606384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777366796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017758","display_name":"Indeterminacy (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.43246525526046753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27706067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q511706","display_name":"Conventionalism","level":2,"score":0.42175859212875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3807987570762634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.3655688166618347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3569035530090332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3382519483566284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2243518829345703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.08999404311180115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11229-020-02714-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-020-02714-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11229-020-02714-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S255146","display_name":"Synthese","issn_l":"0039-7857","issn":["0039-7857","1573-0964"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Synthese","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:123456789/657564","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/657564","pdf_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/97aae6bd-8a54-4005-9aa8-5107e54ea1cd","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055369","display_name":"Lirias","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Synthese, vol. 198 (11), (10207-10235)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:orbi.ulg.ac.be:2268/338051","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/338051","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400651","display_name":"Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Li\u00e8ge)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I157674565","host_organization_name":"University of Li\u00e8ge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157674565"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Synthese, 198 (11), 10207 - 10235 (2021-11)","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philsci-archive.pitt.edu:17304","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401282","display_name":"PhilSci-Archive (University of Pittsburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","host_organization_name":"University of Pittsburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Published Article or Volume"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04437311v1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04437311","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Synthese, 2020, 198 (11), pp.10207-10235. ⟨10.1007/s11229-020-02714-z⟩","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dial.uclouvain.be:boreal:282289","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/282289","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400166","display_name":"Digital Access to Libraries","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800384882","host_organization_name":"Harris County Public Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800384882"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Synthese, Vol. 198, no.11, p. 10207-10235 (2020)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11229-020-02714-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-020-02714-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11229-020-02714-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S255146","display_name":"Synthese","issn_l":"0039-7857","issn":["0039-7857","1573-0964"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Synthese","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7799999713897705}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8150834336","display_name":"Time, Causality, and Probability in Quantum Mechanics: Assessing Retrocausal Explanations in Light of Recent Experiments","funder_award_id":"G0B8616N","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","funder_display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/03qtxy027"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327336","display_name":"Vlaamse regering","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3034649601.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3034649601.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W185512519","https://openalex.org/W258347050","https://openalex.org/W607590273","https://openalex.org/W1510982323","https://openalex.org/W1536507347","https://openalex.org/W1538050987","https://openalex.org/W1541703906","https://openalex.org/W1543153160","https://openalex.org/W1554228597","https://openalex.org/W1588762622","https://openalex.org/W1589313316","https://openalex.org/W1591422284","https://openalex.org/W1897029093","https://openalex.org/W2029403139","https://openalex.org/W2033620689","https://openalex.org/W2046942789","https://openalex.org/W2053918196","https://openalex.org/W2055338948","https://openalex.org/W2057220353","https://openalex.org/W2068459080","https://openalex.org/W2075162993","https://openalex.org/W2085675245","https://openalex.org/W2111479915","https://openalex.org/W2119521187","https://openalex.org/W2126561200","https://openalex.org/W2128567037","https://openalex.org/W2128785381","https://openalex.org/W2168169669","https://openalex.org/W2314241068","https://openalex.org/W2318568705","https://openalex.org/W2319732579","https://openalex.org/W2341470893","https://openalex.org/W2416503511","https://openalex.org/W2433200888","https://openalex.org/W2500506247","https://openalex.org/W2505252288","https://openalex.org/W2593348836","https://openalex.org/W2751379301","https://openalex.org/W2784527921","https://openalex.org/W2788844750","https://openalex.org/W2904118628","https://openalex.org/W2955083195","https://openalex.org/W2979479343","https://openalex.org/W3099321424","https://openalex.org/W4212858961","https://openalex.org/W4249609777","https://openalex.org/W4252938872","https://openalex.org/W4254210618","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6618595244","https://openalex.org/W6632040291","https://openalex.org/W6632259332","https://openalex.org/W6633381289","https://openalex.org/W6635360447","https://openalex.org/W6635478207","https://openalex.org/W6635812673","https://openalex.org/W6662018282","https://openalex.org/W6664450365","https://openalex.org/W6724160531","https://openalex.org/W6743412012"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2093554395","https://openalex.org/W2802910459","https://openalex.org/W2497669543","https://openalex.org/W3159491777","https://openalex.org/W2911925218","https://openalex.org/W2623572361","https://openalex.org/W132654635","https://openalex.org/W2554399267","https://openalex.org/W4293755801","https://openalex.org/W2390639113"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Human":[1],"freedom":[2,43,158],"is":[3,18,153],"in":[4,53,104],"tension":[5],"with":[6,10],"nomological":[7],"determinism":[8],"and":[9,56,61,107,135,188],"statistical":[11],"determinism.":[12],"The":[13],"goal":[14],"of":[15,36,75,85,97,111,122,133,144,157,175,184,192],"this":[16,76,145],"paper":[17],"to":[19,27,101,108,139,160],"answer":[20],"both":[21,58],"challenges.":[22],"Four":[23],"contributions":[24],"are":[25],"made":[26],"the":[28,59,62,82,86,131,162,173,182],"free-will":[29],"debate.":[30],"First,":[31],"we":[32,92,126,137,179],"propose":[33,189],"a":[34,102,109,120,141,154],"classification":[35],"scientific":[37,69],"theories":[38],"based":[39],"on":[40,181],"how":[41],"much":[42],"they":[44],"allow.":[45],"We":[46,115],"take":[47],"into":[48],"account":[49],"that":[50,57,94,168],"indeterminism":[51],"comes":[52],"different":[54],"degrees":[55],"laws":[60],"auxiliary":[63,98],"conditions":[64,99],"can":[65,169],"place":[66],"constraints.":[67],"A":[68],"worldview":[70],"pulls":[71,80],"towards":[72,81],"one":[73],"end":[74,84],"classification,":[77],"while":[78],"libertarianism":[79],"other":[83],"spectrum.":[87],"Second,":[88],"inspired":[89],"by":[90],"Hoefer,":[91],"argue":[93],"an":[95],"interval":[96],"corresponds":[100],"region":[103],"phase":[105],"space,":[106],"bundle":[110],"possible":[112],"block":[113],"universes.":[114],"thus":[116],"make":[117],"room":[118],"for":[119],"form":[121],"non-nomological":[123],"indeterminism.":[124],"Third,":[125],"combine":[127],"crucial":[128],"elements":[129],"from":[130],"works":[132],"Hoefer":[134],"List;":[136],"attempt":[138],"give":[140],"libertarian":[142],"reading":[143],"combination.":[146],"On":[147],"our":[148],"proposal,":[149],"throughout":[150,187],"spacetime,":[151],"there":[152],"certain":[155],"amount":[156],"(equivalent":[159],"setting":[161],"initial,":[163],"intermediate,":[164],"or":[165],"final":[166],"conditions)":[167],"be":[170],"interpreted":[171],"as":[172],"result":[174],"agential":[176],"choices.":[177],"Fourth,":[178],"focus":[180],"principle":[183],"alternative":[185],"possibilities":[186],"three":[190],"ways":[191],"strengthening":[193],"it.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T15:47:20.252518","created_date":"2020-06-19T00:00:00"}