{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7165146096","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-026-08642-y","title":"FL-MADDPG-IoV: federated multi-agent deep reinforcement learning for task offloading in 6G IoV using multi-tier UAV-enabled edge computing","display_name":"FL-MADDPG-IoV: federated multi-agent deep reinforcement learning for task offloading in 6G IoV using multi-tier UAV-enabled edge computing","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7165146096","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-026-08642-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11227-026-08642-y","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-026-08642-y","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32326811","display_name":"The Journal of Supercomputing","issn_l":"0920-8542","issn":["0920-8542","1573-0484"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Supercomputing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138895900","display_name":"Sofia Shafiq","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100043","display_name":"Superior University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yh88643","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100043"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sofia Shafiq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Information Technology and Computer Science, The Superior University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Information Technology and Computer Science, The Superior University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100043"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136667598","display_name":"Muhammad Waseem Iqbal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100043","display_name":"Superior University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yh88643","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100043"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Waseem Iqbal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, The Superior University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, The Superior University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100043"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049955477","display_name":"Ahsan Humayun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5404-4808"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahsan Humayun","raw_affiliation_strings":["DUT School of Software Technology and DUT-RU International School of Information Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DUT School of Software Technology and DUT-RU International School of Information Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045284879","display_name":"Sohail Jabbar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2127-1235"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I240666556","display_name":"Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gxjyb39","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sohail Jabbar","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), 11432, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), 11432, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110657492","display_name":"Muhammad Asif Habib","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I240666556","display_name":"Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gxjyb39","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Asif Habib","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), 11432, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), 11432, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110657492"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75069895,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"82","issue":"9","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.8434000015258789,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.8434000015258789,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.07729999721050262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.011099999770522118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.883899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.6617000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.5493999719619751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.538100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5008999705314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-device","display_name":"Edge device","score":0.4851999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptability","display_name":"Adaptability","score":0.48429998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.46000000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.3806000053882599}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9211000204086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.883899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.6617000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.5493999719619751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5404000282287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.538100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5008999705314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.4851999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177606310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297","display_name":"Adaptability","level":2,"score":0.48429998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.46000000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.3806000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.37950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3718000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46637626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6693015","display_name":"Low latency (capital markets)","level":2,"score":0.3675999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166955791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629579","display_name":"Macro","level":2,"score":0.3564999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.3384999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.33329999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.33239999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639681","display_name":"Network architecture","level":2,"score":0.3192000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.3183000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30309998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203274722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7001161","display_name":"Network performance","level":2,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188116033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2664563","display_name":"Q-learning","level":3,"score":0.26440000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.262800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.2621999979019165}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11227-026-08642-y","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-026-08642-y","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32326811","display_name":"The Journal of Supercomputing","issn_l":"0920-8542","issn":["0920-8542","1573-0484"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Supercomputing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.892135739326477,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2523219060","https://openalex.org/W2613326608","https://openalex.org/W2624989916","https://openalex.org/W3005620403","https://openalex.org/W3135506433","https://openalex.org/W3179018212","https://openalex.org/W3200591172","https://openalex.org/W3202810279","https://openalex.org/W4206838145","https://openalex.org/W4207002516","https://openalex.org/W4290046970","https://openalex.org/W4310049705","https://openalex.org/W4323519480","https://openalex.org/W4360995544","https://openalex.org/W4379801107","https://openalex.org/W4387587706","https://openalex.org/W4388543717","https://openalex.org/W4388543751","https://openalex.org/W4390906178","https://openalex.org/W4391640441","https://openalex.org/W4392852836","https://openalex.org/W4393066282","https://openalex.org/W4394627398","https://openalex.org/W4396680669","https://openalex.org/W4396766457","https://openalex.org/W4400226877","https://openalex.org/W4401059380","https://openalex.org/W4401067503","https://openalex.org/W4401109561","https://openalex.org/W4401942531","https://openalex.org/W4402217167","https://openalex.org/W4402817037","https://openalex.org/W4403600574","https://openalex.org/W4404758802","https://openalex.org/W4405180696","https://openalex.org/W4405563851","https://openalex.org/W4405909474","https://openalex.org/W4406201985","https://openalex.org/W4406457658","https://openalex.org/W4406606313","https://openalex.org/W4406610470","https://openalex.org/W4406610986","https://openalex.org/W4406639316","https://openalex.org/W4407354584","https://openalex.org/W4409019018","https://openalex.org/W4409473905","https://openalex.org/W4409560673","https://openalex.org/W4409640735","https://openalex.org/W4409989581","https://openalex.org/W4410260872","https://openalex.org/W4410491687","https://openalex.org/W4411551047","https://openalex.org/W4413472210","https://openalex.org/W4414322049","https://openalex.org/W4415882914","https://openalex.org/W4416749686","https://openalex.org/W7076049510","https://openalex.org/W7077073602","https://openalex.org/W7082632266","https://openalex.org/W7125115033","https://openalex.org/W7135019381"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-26T05:49:09.470579","created_date":"2026-06-19T00:00:00"}