{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409126690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-025-07047-7","title":"IBM quantum computers: evolution, performance, and future directions","display_name":"IBM quantum computers: evolution, performance, and future directions","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409126690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-025-07047-7"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11227-025-07047-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-025-07047-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11227-025-07047-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32326811","display_name":"The Journal of Supercomputing","issn_l":"0920-8542","issn":["0920-8542","1573-0484"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Supercomputing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11227-025-07047-7.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061351938","display_name":"M. AbuGhanem","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107720978","display_name":"Ain Shams University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cb9w016","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107720978"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad AbuGhanem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107720978"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061351938"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107720978"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"fwci":153.4423,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":128,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99986846,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"81","issue":"5","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13182","display_name":"Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.909469723701477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ibm","display_name":"IBM","score":0.8691633343696594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.5124760270118713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.3336864113807678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.33083105087280273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.909469723701477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70388272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5968558","display_name":"IBM","level":2,"score":0.8691633343696594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.5124760270118713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.3336864113807678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.33083105087280273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11227-025-07047-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-025-07047-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11227-025-07047-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32326811","display_name":"The Journal of Supercomputing","issn_l":"0920-8542","issn":["0920-8542","1573-0484"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Supercomputing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11227-025-07047-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-025-07047-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11227-025-07047-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32326811","display_name":"The Journal of Supercomputing","issn_l":"0920-8542","issn":["0920-8542","1573-0484"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Supercomputing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309680","display_name":"Cleveland Clinic","ror":"https://ror.org/03xjacd83"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313559","display_name":"CERN","ror":"https://ror.org/01ggx4157"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320909","display_name":"Keio University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kn6nx58"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321012","display_name":"Technische Universiteit Delft","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321119","display_name":"Ain Shams University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cb9w016"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409126690.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409126690.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":120,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1956864028","https://openalex.org/W1975567457","https://openalex.org/W1988808284","https://openalex.org/W1992217095","https://openalex.org/W1999706070","https://openalex.org/W2017838368","https://openalex.org/W2057530043","https://openalex.org/W2068163719","https://openalex.org/W2088636071","https://openalex.org/W2089540019","https://openalex.org/W2100120265","https://openalex.org/W2110738405","https://openalex.org/W2114207424","https://openalex.org/W2119314900","https://openalex.org/W2128765501","https://openalex.org/W2129860849","https://openalex.org/W2131690084","https://openalex.org/W2134210354","https://openalex.org/W2135273380","https://openalex.org/W2160029990","https://openalex.org/W2161424516","https://openalex.org/W2203542361","https://openalex.org/W2298410160","https://openalex.org/W2329600386","https://openalex.org/W2482126025","https://openalex.org/W2502126115","https://openalex.org/W2562526363","https://openalex.org/W2583289470","https://openalex.org/W2616493737","https://openalex.org/W2754797405","https://openalex.org/W2755255888","https://openalex.org/W2760965790","https://openalex.org/W2770147582","https://openalex.org/W2781738013","https://openalex.org/W2786023959","https://openalex.org/W2792145227","https://openalex.org/W2798434869","https://openalex.org/W2809024202","https://openalex.org/W2811177721","https://openalex.org/W2890911513","https://openalex.org/W2892083369","https://openalex.org/W2903516100","https://openalex.org/W2906133437","https://openalex.org/W2906538035","https://openalex.org/W2912171584","https://openalex.org/W2913477758","https://openalex.org/W2923370183","https://openalex.org/W2943869291","https://openalex.org/W2965027194","https://openalex.org/W2982169647","https://openalex.org/W2987160512","https://openalex.org/W2988528471","https://openalex.org/W3096052452","https://openalex.org/W3098266755","https://openalex.org/W3098477102","https://openalex.org/W3099991607","https://openalex.org/W3100111077","https://openalex.org/W3100736866","https://openalex.org/W3100931082","https://openalex.org/W3102193956","https://openalex.org/W3102818703","https://openalex.org/W3104757600","https://openalex.org/W3105677655","https://openalex.org/W3108943181","https://openalex.org/W3111162498","https://openalex.org/W3112993639","https://openalex.org/W3129458892","https://openalex.org/W3131450627","https://openalex.org/W3132743969","https://openalex.org/W3138506360","https://openalex.org/W3162772786","https://openalex.org/W3173713405","https://openalex.org/W3176560076","https://openalex.org/W3190051394","https://openalex.org/W3194351726","https://openalex.org/W3204653979","https://openalex.org/W3213933684","https://openalex.org/W3216521614","https://openalex.org/W3217784149","https://openalex.org/W4225259930","https://openalex.org/W4226128541","https://openalex.org/W4231407372","https://openalex.org/W4281891658","https://openalex.org/W4293171638","https://openalex.org/W4307203248","https://openalex.org/W4307283983","https://openalex.org/W4313227180","https://openalex.org/W4321610982","https://openalex.org/W4324044656","https://openalex.org/W4327582315","https://openalex.org/W4353055437","https://openalex.org/W4353055568","https://openalex.org/W4360980914","https://openalex.org/W4361213064","https://openalex.org/W4375859090","https://openalex.org/W4379472725","https://openalex.org/W4380224782","https://openalex.org/W4380608461","https://openalex.org/W4380627387","https://openalex.org/W4383896848","https://openalex.org/W4385637799","https://openalex.org/W4386352735","https://openalex.org/W4387490139","https://openalex.org/W4388561449","https://openalex.org/W4389280376","https://openalex.org/W4389339821","https://openalex.org/W4391034855","https://openalex.org/W4391530691","https://openalex.org/W4391812668","https://openalex.org/W4393234688","https://openalex.org/W4399049556","https://openalex.org/W4399207709","https://openalex.org/W4399491701","https://openalex.org/W4400877210","https://openalex.org/W4401410589","https://openalex.org/W4402960653","https://openalex.org/W4404140215","https://openalex.org/W4406159098","https://openalex.org/W4409061177","https://openalex.org/W6602439081"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3126131865","https://openalex.org/W4253186488","https://openalex.org/W2044344400","https://openalex.org/W2398322655","https://openalex.org/W2524838473","https://openalex.org/W628040712","https://openalex.org/W3034653840"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Quantum":[1,18],"computers":[2],"represent":[3],"a":[4,41],"transformative":[5],"frontier":[6],"in":[7,23,55,166],"computational":[8],"technology,":[9],"promising":[10],"exponential":[11],"speedups":[12],"beyond":[13],"classical":[14],"computing":[15],"limits.":[16],"IBM":[17,34,81,128],"has":[19],"led":[20],"significant":[21],"advancements":[22],"both":[24,63],"hardware":[25,32,64],"and":[26,39,65,123,132,142,155,164,170],"software,":[27,66],"providing":[28],"access":[29],"to":[30,62,89,99,148],"quantum":[31,48,56,74,110,168,181],"via":[33],"Cloud":[35],"\u00ae":[36],"since":[37],"2016":[38],"achieving":[40,171],"milestone":[42,91],"with":[43,135],"the":[44,70,78,85,90,94,106,150,161],"world\u2019s":[45],"first":[46],"accessible":[47],"computer.":[49],"This":[50],"paper":[51],"explores":[52],"IBM\u2019s":[53,175],"journey":[54],"computing,":[57,111],"focusing":[58],"on":[59],"its":[60],"contributions":[61],"as":[67,69,138],"well":[68],"development":[71],"of":[72,80,92,109,184],"practical":[73,107],"computers.":[75],"We":[76,125],"trace":[77],"evolution":[79],"Quantum\u2019s":[82,129],"processors,":[83],"from":[84],"early":[86],"canary":[87],"processors":[88],"surpassing":[93],"1000-qubit":[95],"barrier.":[96],"In":[97],"addition":[98],"these":[100],"technological":[101],"strides,":[102],"we":[103,159],"delve":[104],"into":[105],"applications":[108],"particularly":[112],"within":[113],"nine":[114],"key":[115,162],"industries:":[116],"airlines,":[117],"banking,":[118],"healthcare,":[119],"electronics,":[120],"life":[121],"sciences,":[122],"more.":[124],"also":[126],"explore":[127],"case":[130],"studies":[131],"strategic":[133],"partnerships":[134],"organizations":[136],"such":[137],"Boeing,":[139],"CERN,":[140],"ExxonMobil,":[141],"Cleveland":[143],"Clinic,":[144],"which":[145],"are":[146],"helping":[147],"bridge":[149],"gap":[151],"between":[152],"theoretical":[153],"research":[154],"real-world":[156,186],"applications.":[157],"Further,":[158],"examine":[160],"challenges":[163],"solutions":[165],"scaling":[167],"systems":[169,182],"fault":[172],"tolerance,":[173],"highlighting":[174],"efforts":[176],"toward":[177],"building":[178],"practical,":[179],"fault-tolerant":[180],"capable":[183],"addressing":[185],"problems.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":74},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-04T08:18:43.703281","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}