{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410707203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-025-05341-y","title":"Examining linguistic shifts in academic writing before and after the launch of ChatGPT: a study on preprint papers","display_name":"Examining linguistic shifts in academic writing before and after the launch of ChatGPT: a study on preprint papers","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410707203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-025-05341-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11192-025-05341-y","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-025-05341-y","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S148561398","display_name":"Scientometrics","issn_l":"0138-9130","issn":["0138-9130","1588-2861"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320108","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320108","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature (Netherlands)","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientometrics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085968750","display_name":"Tong Bao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tong Bao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Management, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Management, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100525267","display_name":"Yi Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Management, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Management, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003033820","display_name":"Jin Mao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9572-6709"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056318061","display_name":"Chengzhi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9522-2914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengzhi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Management, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Management, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085968750"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.683,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94807164,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"130","issue":"7","first_page":"3597","last_page":"3627"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13607","display_name":"Academic Publishing and Open Access","score":0.9509999752044678,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9314000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprint","display_name":"Preprint","score":0.950459361076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.605689287185669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/study-abroad","display_name":"Study abroad","score":0.521561861038208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-writing","display_name":"Academic writing","score":0.4834621846675873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.39384302496910095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.347528874874115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/library-science","display_name":"Library science","score":0.32891982793807983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/media-studies","display_name":"Media studies","score":0.32291245460510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.29566526412963867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.18338444828987122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedagogy","display_name":"Pedagogy","score":0.14961010217666626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.09198632836341858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43169469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580922","display_name":"Preprint","level":2,"score":0.950459361076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.605689287185669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780814955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6500387","display_name":"Study abroad","level":2,"score":0.521561861038208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119867837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4119870","display_name":"Academic writing","level":2,"score":0.4834621846675873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.39384302496910095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.347528874874115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.32891982793807983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29595303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650","display_name":"Media studies","level":1,"score":0.32291245460510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.29566526412963867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.18338444828987122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.14961010217666626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.09198632836341858}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11192-025-05341-y","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-025-05341-y","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S148561398","display_name":"Scientometrics","issn_l":"0138-9130","issn":["0138-9130","1588-2861"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320108","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320108","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature (Netherlands)","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientometrics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8500000238418579}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4083475483","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"71921002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315254","funder_display_name":"Innovative Research Group Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4598998763","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"72074113","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315254","display_name":"Innovative Research Group Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1806600124","https://openalex.org/W1971020201","https://openalex.org/W1997229566","https://openalex.org/W2014552602","https://openalex.org/W2024679574","https://openalex.org/W2032851430","https://openalex.org/W2034849674","https://openalex.org/W2034927997","https://openalex.org/W2073835543","https://openalex.org/W2073931486","https://openalex.org/W2081753990","https://openalex.org/W2090655260","https://openalex.org/W2339256219","https://openalex.org/W2339262750","https://openalex.org/W2468587249","https://openalex.org/W2521984931","https://openalex.org/W2735743598","https://openalex.org/W2752083188","https://openalex.org/W2769064688","https://openalex.org/W2790130598","https://openalex.org/W2884097483","https://openalex.org/W2888211956","https://openalex.org/W2955656297","https://openalex.org/W3004132316","https://openalex.org/W3098960752","https://openalex.org/W3112662341","https://openalex.org/W3122542432","https://openalex.org/W3151699257","https://openalex.org/W3163701888","https://openalex.org/W3170837912","https://openalex.org/W4225096162","https://openalex.org/W4236688649","https://openalex.org/W4242351597","https://openalex.org/W4306382341","https://openalex.org/W4315784554","https://openalex.org/W4317806598","https://openalex.org/W4318263917","https://openalex.org/W4319295649","https://openalex.org/W4323706279","https://openalex.org/W4366490383","https://openalex.org/W4367051110","https://openalex.org/W4376224599","https://openalex.org/W4376254449","https://openalex.org/W4386224542","https://openalex.org/W4386518345","https://openalex.org/W4387616550","https://openalex.org/W4388168843","https://openalex.org/W4388513251","https://openalex.org/W4389341157","https://openalex.org/W4389977394","https://openalex.org/W4391811744","https://openalex.org/W4393125696","https://openalex.org/W4404877556","https://openalex.org/W4405469941","https://openalex.org/W6647975832"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4229365511","https://openalex.org/W3131332557","https://openalex.org/W4211247774","https://openalex.org/W4205871143","https://openalex.org/W3045462960","https://openalex.org/W4393774512","https://openalex.org/W4393658307","https://openalex.org/W4286761081","https://openalex.org/W4393731985","https://openalex.org/W4210578026"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-26T15:22:09.906841","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}