{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4296197501","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11063-022-11023-0","title":"Application of Deep Learning Techniques in Diagnosis of Covid-19 (Coronavirus): A Systematic Review","display_name":"Application of Deep Learning Techniques in Diagnosis of Covid-19 (Coronavirus): A Systematic Review","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4296197501","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11063-022-11023-0","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36158520"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11063-022-11023-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11063-022-11023-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11063-022-11023-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S140962798","display_name":"Neural Processing Letters","issn_l":"1370-4621","issn":["1370-4621","1573-773X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11063-022-11023-0.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015428040","display_name":"Yogesh H. Bhosale","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6901-1419"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115715567","display_name":"Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra","ror":"https://ror.org/028vtqb15","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115715567"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yogesh H. Bhosale","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215 India","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215 India","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115715567"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042702165","display_name":"K. Sridhar Patnaik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4994-4489"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115715567","display_name":"Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra","ror":"https://ror.org/028vtqb15","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115715567"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Sridhar Patnaik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215 India","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215 India","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115715567"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015428040"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115715567"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":14.1287,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":99,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9945667,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"55","issue":"3","first_page":"3551","last_page":"3603"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9754999876022339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9736999869346619,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.6566223502159119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5635759234428406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5616543889045715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.5037955641746521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4687020480632782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","score":0.45814013481140137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiography","display_name":"Radiography","score":0.4508683979511261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pandemic","display_name":"Pandemic","score":0.45047932863235474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4309827983379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-physics","display_name":"Medical physics","score":0.42903661727905273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3541269898414612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intensive-care-medicine","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","score":0.3353663682937622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.2742093801498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.25542309880256653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.22961565852165222}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.6566223502159119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5635759234428406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5616543889045715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5037955641746521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4687020480632782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.45814013481140137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36454342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245341","display_name":"Radiography","level":2,"score":0.4508683979511261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.45047932863235474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4309827983379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.42903661727905273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3541269898414612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.3353663682937622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.2742093801498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.25542309880256653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.22961565852165222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11063-022-11023-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11063-022-11023-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11063-022-11023-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S140962798","display_name":"Neural Processing Letters","issn_l":"1370-4621","issn":["1370-4621","1573-773X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36158520","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36158520","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural processing letters","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9483290","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9483290","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Neural Process Lett","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11063-022-11023-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11063-022-11023-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11063-022-11023-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S140962798","display_name":"Neural Processing Letters","issn_l":"1370-4621","issn":["1370-4621","1573-773X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4296197501.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4296197501.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":127,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2904542630","https://openalex.org/W2912664121","https://openalex.org/W3010313912","https://openalex.org/W3011149445","https://openalex.org/W3013601031","https://openalex.org/W3014337038","https://openalex.org/W3015836412","https://openalex.org/W3016143592","https://openalex.org/W3016610966","https://openalex.org/W3016794870","https://openalex.org/W3017855299","https://openalex.org/W3018775276","https://openalex.org/W3019449959","https://openalex.org/W3019515795","https://openalex.org/W3019531985","https://openalex.org/W3021085078","https://openalex.org/W3022592783","https://openalex.org/W3022894865","https://openalex.org/W3023156552","https://openalex.org/W3023594394","https://openalex.org/W3023908178","https://openalex.org/W3024784009","https://openalex.org/W3024801014","https://openalex.org/W3025464096","https://openalex.org/W3025576489","https://openalex.org/W3025953162","https://openalex.org/W3026627553","https://openalex.org/W3032017599","https://openalex.org/W3035825675","https://openalex.org/W3035986928","https://openalex.org/W3036688711","https://openalex.org/W3037233011","https://openalex.org/W3037272944","https://openalex.org/W3037666819","https://openalex.org/W3038744550","https://openalex.org/W3041463877","https://openalex.org/W3043397740","https://openalex.org/W3045460727","https://openalex.org/W3046663788","https://openalex.org/W3047489308","https://openalex.org/W3048123412","https://openalex.org/W3048670851","https://openalex.org/W3049131298","https://openalex.org/W3082484031","https://openalex.org/W3082674629","https://openalex.org/W3082801331","https://openalex.org/W3083260461","https://openalex.org/W3083753334","https://openalex.org/W3084427735","https://openalex.org/W3086200677","https://openalex.org/W3086462707","https://openalex.org/W3088680016","https://openalex.org/W3089168916","https://openalex.org/W3091978650","https://openalex.org/W3092022410","https://openalex.org/W3092248525","https://openalex.org/W3092976568","https://openalex.org/W3093956998","https://openalex.org/W3094373171","https://openalex.org/W3094948156","https://openalex.org/W3095178570","https://openalex.org/W3095676075","https://openalex.org/W3095681026","https://openalex.org/W3095741673","https://openalex.org/W3096854301","https://openalex.org/W3096956107","https://openalex.org/W3097211536","https://openalex.org/W3098195280","https://openalex.org/W3099670693","https://openalex.org/W3101606529","https://openalex.org/W3102100346","https://openalex.org/W3103513992","https://openalex.org/W3104019412","https://openalex.org/W3104951425","https://openalex.org/W3105081694","https://openalex.org/W3107826898","https://openalex.org/W3107859012","https://openalex.org/W3107886162","https://openalex.org/W3109349638","https://openalex.org/W3110920910","https://openalex.org/W3112175976","https://openalex.org/W3113444169","https://openalex.org/W3114951266","https://openalex.org/W3114958142","https://openalex.org/W3116616840","https://openalex.org/W3118372097","https://openalex.org/W3120327591","https://openalex.org/W3121218451","https://openalex.org/W3121263745","https://openalex.org/W3122236046","https://openalex.org/W3122466891","https://openalex.org/W3122727436","https://openalex.org/W3126875379","https://openalex.org/W3127020108","https://openalex.org/W3127071205","https://openalex.org/W3127546202","https://openalex.org/W3128144460","https://openalex.org/W3128189270","https://openalex.org/W3128741952","https://openalex.org/W3128914156","https://openalex.org/W3128968837","https://openalex.org/W3130658855","https://openalex.org/W3131321978","https://openalex.org/W3131326546","https://openalex.org/W3131964007","https://openalex.org/W3133078580","https://openalex.org/W3134605529","https://openalex.org/W3135243128","https://openalex.org/W3135722972","https://openalex.org/W3137072410","https://openalex.org/W3140022118","https://openalex.org/W3162135739","https://openalex.org/W3164731060","https://openalex.org/W3168156287","https://openalex.org/W3170749742","https://openalex.org/W3184834337","https://openalex.org/W3185892063","https://openalex.org/W3193713564","https://openalex.org/W3204703625","https://openalex.org/W4205515154","https://openalex.org/W4210516328","https://openalex.org/W4281760686","https://openalex.org/W4283737877","https://openalex.org/W4298202990","https://openalex.org/W4398675315","https://openalex.org/W6812488564","https://openalex.org/W6921690199"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2385859805","https://openalex.org/W2530972254","https://openalex.org/W3136336094","https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W4200558412","https://openalex.org/W2374013449","https://openalex.org/W73545470","https://openalex.org/W120539917","https://openalex.org/W3165628818","https://openalex.org/W4281740907"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Covid-19":[0,16,52,198,209],"is":[1,59,211],"now":[2],"one":[3],"of":[4,12,22,24,55,96,148,205,219],"the":[5,13,20,93,136,163,173,202],"most":[6],"incredibly":[7],"intense":[8],"and":[9,39,48,63,107,143,151,183,194],"severe":[10],"illnesses":[11],"twentieth":[14],"century.":[15],"has":[17],"already":[18],"endangered":[19],"lives":[21],"millions":[23],"people":[25],"worldwide":[26],"due":[27],"to":[28,44,65,81,125,169,213],"its":[29],"acute":[30],"pulmonary":[31],"effects.":[32],"Image-based":[33],"diagnostic":[34,116],"techniques":[35,124,171],"like":[36],"X-ray,":[37],"CT,":[38],"ultrasound":[40],"are":[41,78,160,172,201],"commonly":[42],"employed":[43,80],"get":[45],"a":[46,69,217],"quick":[47],"reliable":[49],"clinical":[50,57],"condition.":[51],"identification":[53],"out":[54],"such":[56,104],"scans":[58,129],"exceedingly":[60],"time-consuming,":[61],"labor-intensive,":[62],"susceptible":[64],"silly":[66],"intervention.":[67],"As":[68],"result,":[70],"radiography":[71,99,127],"imaging":[72,156],"approaches":[73],"using":[74,98,141],"Deep":[75],"Learning":[76],"(DL)":[77],"consistently":[79],"achieve":[82],"great":[83],"results.":[84],"Various":[85],"artificial":[86],"intelligence-based":[87],"systems":[88,200],"have":[89,121],"been":[90],"developed":[91],"for":[92],"early":[94],"prediction":[95],"coronavirus":[97,119],"pictures.":[100],"Specific":[101],"DL":[102,153],"methods":[103],"as":[105,133,135,158,216],"CNN":[106],"RNN":[108],"noticeably":[109],"extract":[110],"extremely":[111],"critical":[112],"characteristics,":[113],"primarily":[114],"in":[115],"imaging.":[117],"Recent":[118],"studies":[120],"used":[122],"these":[123],"utilize":[126],"image":[128],"significantly.":[130],"The":[131,166],"disease,":[132],"well":[134],"present":[137],"pandemic,":[138],"was":[139],"studied":[140,164],"public":[142],"private":[144],"data.":[145],"A":[146],"total":[147],"64":[149],"pre-trained":[150],"custom":[152],"models":[154],"concerning":[155],"modality":[157],"taxonomies":[159],"selected":[161],"from":[162],"articles.":[165],"constraints":[167],"relevant":[168],"DL-based":[170,197],"sample":[174],"selection,":[175],"network":[176],"architecture,":[177],"training":[178],"with":[179],"minimal":[180],"annotated":[181],"database,":[182],"security":[184],"issues.":[185],"This":[186],"includes":[187],"evaluating":[188],"causal":[189],"agents,":[190],"pathophysiology,":[191],"immunological":[192],"reactions,":[193],"epidemiological":[195],"illness.":[196],"detection":[199],"key":[203],"focus":[204],"this":[206,220],"review":[207],"article.":[208],"work":[210],"intended":[212],"be":[214],"accelerated":[215],"result":[218],"study.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}